{"id":64965,"date":"2023-06-29T06:53:00","date_gmt":"2023-06-29T04:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/magistrala-i2c-co-to-jest-i-do-czego-sluzy\/"},"modified":"2023-06-30T10:09:52","modified_gmt":"2023-06-30T08:09:52","slug":"sbernice-i2c-co-to-je-a-k-cemu-slouzi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/sbernice-i2c-co-to-je-a-k-cemu-slouzi\/","title":{"rendered":"Sb\u011brnice I2C – co to je a k \u010demu slou\u017e\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Sb\u011brnice I2C je jedn\u00edm z nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch standard\u016f pro lok\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00e9riovou komunikaci v digit\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. Nau\u010dte se z\u00e1klady a praktick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed I2C!<\/em><\/p>\n

Dne\u0161n\u00ed elektronick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00edce standard\u016f p\u0159enosu dat mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi, moduly a dokonce i jednotliv\u00fdmi integrovan\u00fdmi obvody – a to i v r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9 desky ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho spoje. Vzhledem k mal\u00e9mu po\u010dtu linek pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed spojen\u00ed jsou dnes zdaleka nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u00e9 sb\u011brnice<\/strong>. V mnoha aplikac\u00edch \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b nahrazuj\u00ed mnohem rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed paraleln\u00ed spoje. Mezi nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed standardy v elektronice pat\u0159\u00ed I2C, SPI a I2S<\/strong> – dnes se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na prvn\u00ed z nich, kter\u00fd je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en zejm\u00e9na ve sv\u011bt\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00edch senzor\u016f a integrovan\u00fdch perifern\u00edch obvod\u016f.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Konstrukce sb\u011brnice I2C - problematika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Co se t\u00fd\u010de technick\u00e9 str\u00e1nky je konstrukce spojen\u00ed I2C<\/strong> velmi jednoduch\u00e1. K p\u0159enosu dat se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze dva vodi\u010de<\/strong> (obvykle ve form\u011b kolej\u00ed na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f nebo kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho kabelu o d\u00e9lce maxim\u00e1ln\u011b n\u011bkolika metr\u016f), ke kter\u00fdm lze p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ipojit nejm\u00e9n\u011b dv\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tato konstrukce znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ob\u011b linky jsou sd\u00edlen\u00e9 mezi obvody, a proto m\u016f\u017ee v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku fungovat jako<\/strong> vys\u00edla\u010d<\/strong> pouze jedna z nich<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e1<\/strong> (nebo v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed) m\u016f\u017ee fungovat jako p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d<\/strong>. Linie ozna\u010den\u00e1 SCL<\/strong> slou\u017e\u00ed k p\u0159enosu hodinov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd ur\u010duje “rytmus”, v jak\u00e9m jsou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed bity adres, dat a potvrzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu, zat\u00edmco SDA<\/strong> je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za p\u0159enos p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch informac\u00ed mezi spolupracuj\u00edc\u00edmi obvody. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee na stran\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dipu mus\u00ed v\u00fdvody, kter\u00e9 komunikuj\u00ed s liniemi SDA a SCL, pracovat v re\u017eimu ozna\u010dovan\u00e9m jako open-collector<\/strong> (OC) nebo open-drain<\/strong> (OD). <\/p>\n

Princip \u010dinnosti tohoto typu v\u00fdstupu je nekomplikovan\u00fd – sepnut\u00edm v\u00fdstupn\u00edho tranzistoru, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9ho ve struktu\u0159e integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu (nap\u0159. mikrokontrol\u00e9ru nebo senzoru), dojde ke zkratu dan\u00e9 linie (nap\u0159. SDA) na zem obvodu, a t\u00edm na n\u00ed vynut\u00ed logick\u00fd n\u00edzk\u00fd stav<\/strong> (L)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Vypnut\u00ed tranzistoru vede k vysok\u00e9mu stavu (H)<\/strong>, co\u017e je zp\u016fsobeno extern\u00edmi pull-up rezistory, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt pro sb\u011brnici I2C obvykle v \u0159\u00e1du 4,7 k\u03a9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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PCF8574 - 8bitov\u00fd expand\u00e9r pin\u016f I2C.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Zp\u016fsob p\u0159enosu dat a adres<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Za\u010d\u00e1tek p\u0159enosu na sb\u011brnici I2C je ur\u010den sign\u00e1lem START<\/strong> – nejde o nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e o klesaj\u00edc\u00ed hranu na lince SDA<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco linka SCL<\/strong> je ve vysok\u00e9m stavu<\/strong>. Jakmile je tato podm\u00ednka spln\u011bna, m\u016f\u017ee ji\u017e za\u010d\u00edt p\u0159enos dat – stav linie SDA<\/strong> se p\u0159itom m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e je na vodi\u010di SCL<\/strong> n\u00edzk\u00fd stav<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco \u010dten\u00ed (vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed) SDA<\/strong> p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010dem prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159i kladn\u00fdm impulsu (stav H<\/strong>) na hodinov\u00e9 lini\u00ed.<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee bity jsou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny v po\u0159ad\u00ed od nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, tj. nejstar\u0161\u00edho (MSB), po nejm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (nejmlad\u0161\u00ed – LSB).<\/strong> Prvn\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fd bajt ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f obsahuje 7bitovou adresu slave<\/strong> (tzv. otrok) a bit sm\u011bru p\u0159enosu (R\/W)<\/strong> – ten nab\u00fdv\u00e1 logickou hodnotu 1, kdy\u017e m\u00e1 master \u010d\u00edst po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed bajty z pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a 0, kdy\u017e zapisuje data z masteru do pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pro po\u0159\u00e1dek je t\u0159eba dodat, \u017ee od aktualizace specifikace standardu I2C v roce 1992 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt adresov\u00e1n\u00ed 10bitov\u00e9<\/strong>, v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prvn\u00ed byte obsahuje 5 bit\u016f 11110, dva nejstar\u0161\u00ed bity adresy a sm\u011brov\u00fd bit R\/W, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 8 bit\u016f adresy p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do dal\u0161\u00edho bytu. Toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bylo zavedeno za \u00fa\u010delem roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dostupn\u00e9ho adresn\u00edho prostoru z p\u016fvodn\u00edch 128 mo\u017enost\u00ed (co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u010d\u00edslu 27) na 1024 adres (tj. 210). D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee po ka\u017ed\u00e9m pln\u00e9m bajtu vys\u00edl\u00e1 master dal\u0161\u00ed impuls na linku SCK, \u010d\u00edm\u017e pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9mu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed umo\u017en\u00ed potvrdit p\u0159ijet\u00ed r\u00e1mce (vyd\u00e1n\u00edm logick\u00e9 nuly na linku SDA). Po p\u0159enesen\u00ed v\u0161ech dat v ur\u010dit\u00e9m paketu m\u016f\u017ee master ukon\u010dit p\u0159enos vysl\u00e1n\u00edm sign\u00e1lu STOP<\/strong> (vzestupn\u00e1 hrana na lini\u00ed SDA, zat\u00edmco SCL je ve vysok\u00e9m stavu).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Rychlost p\u0159enosu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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D\u016fle\u017eitou ot\u00e1zkou u lini\u00ed I2C je p\u0159enosov\u00e1 rychlost<\/strong>. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed verze standardu p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dala rychlost 100 kb\/s<\/strong> – dodnes se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v mnoha za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch d\u00edky v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odolnosti proti \u0161umu a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm hardwarov\u00fdm n\u00e1rok\u016fm ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s rychlej\u0161\u00edmi sb\u011brnicemi I2C.<\/p>\n

Aktualizovan\u00e1 verze 1.0 (1992) umo\u017e\u0148ovala \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost (400 kb\/s – Fast re\u017eim)<\/strong> a o \u0161est let pozd\u011bji se objevila specifikace 2.0, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148ovala p\u0159enosovou rychlost a\u017e 3,4 Mb\/s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Aby v\u0161ak byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna dostate\u010dn\u00e1 strmost hran na hodinov\u00fdch a datov\u00fdch lini\u00edch, je nutn\u00e9 udr\u017eet kapacitu sb\u011brnice relativn\u011b n\u00edzkou – nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou kapacity mezi sign\u00e1lov\u00fdmi cestami a zem\u00ed na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f (nebo mezi vodi\u010di a st\u00edn\u011bn\u00edm kabelu, pokud se uva\u017euj\u00ed obvody mimo stejnou desku PCB).<\/p>\n

Je to proto, \u017ee spolu s odporem rezistor\u016f, kter\u00e9 vytahuj\u00ed kapacitu p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd RC filtr<\/strong> – jeho “p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed” v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e9 v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 kapacity nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt mo\u017en\u00e9 v \u010dase pot\u0159ebn\u00e9m pro provoz p\u0159i dan\u00e9 p\u0159enosov\u00e9 rychlosti. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu se doporu\u010duje minimalizovat kapacitu na sb\u011brnici I2C, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i del\u0161\u00edch spojen\u00edch nebo p\u0159i spolupr\u00e1ci v\u00edce obvod\u016f na stejn\u00e9 komunika\u010dn\u00ed sb\u011brnici.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sb\u011brnice I2C je jedn\u00edm z nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch standard\u016f pro lok\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00e9riovou komunikaci v digit\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. Nau\u010dte se z\u00e1klady a praktick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed I2C!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":64552,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-64965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSb\u011brnice I2C - co to je a k \u010demu slou\u017e\u00ed - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chcete se dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o sb\u011brnici I2C? 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