{"id":64986,"date":"2023-06-27T06:52:18","date_gmt":"2023-06-27T04:52:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/przetwornik-jakie-sa-przetworniki-i-jakie-jest-ich-zastosowanie\/"},"modified":"2023-06-30T11:16:48","modified_gmt":"2023-06-30T09:16:48","slug":"snimac-co-jsou-to-snimace-a-jake-je-jejich-pouziti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/snimac-co-jsou-to-snimace-a-jake-je-jejich-pouziti\/","title":{"rendered":"Sn\u00edma\u010d – co jsou to sn\u00edma\u010de a jak\u00e9 je jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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V elektronice se velmi \u010dasto setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edmi obvody – a to nejen v m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch jako takov\u00fdch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed nebo teploty \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me sn\u00edma\u010de.<\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek popisuje p\u0159\u00edklady typ\u016f p\u0159evodn\u00edk\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v modern\u00edch elektronick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sn\u00edma\u010de - p\u0159ehled<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Elektrick\u00e9 a elektronick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de: <\/strong> jsou speci\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stky, jejich\u017e \u00fakolem je p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt energii z jedn\u00e9 formy na druhou<\/strong>. V z\u00e1vislosti na sv\u00e9 konstrukci a pou\u017eit\u00ed se sn\u00edma\u010de mohou pod\u00edlet na p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b mechanick\u00e9, elektrick\u00e9, sv\u011bteln\u00e9, chemick\u00e9, tepeln\u00e9, akustick\u00e9<\/strong> energie, a tak\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9ho a magnetick\u00e9ho pole<\/strong> a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f energie. P\u0159\u00edkladem je mikrofon v mobiln\u00edch telefonech<\/strong>, kde se zvuk (hlas a okoln\u00ed hluk) p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed na elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 se zesiluj\u00ed na po\u017eadovan\u00fd rozsah pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159enos. Elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly jsou pak v p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010di p\u0159evedeny na zvukov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly. \u017d\u00e1rovky a lampy<\/strong> jsou tak\u00e9 p\u0159evodn\u00edky – p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed elektrickou energii na sv\u011btelnou a tak\u00e9 na tepelnou energii jako vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edho elektrick\u00e9ho proudu a vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9ho sv\u011btla.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sv\u011btlo se z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011bnou elektrick\u00e9 energie v \u017e\u00e1rovce.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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O tom, jak dob\u0159e bude sn\u00edma\u010d fungovat v c\u00edlov\u00e9 aplikaci, vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed jeho celkov\u00e9 parametry<\/strong>. Jedn\u00edm z t\u011bchto parametr\u016f je dynamick\u00fd rozsah vys\u00edla\u010de<\/strong>, tj. pom\u011br sign\u00e1lu s vysokou amplitudou k sign\u00e1lu s nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed amplitudou, aby sn\u00edma\u010d mohl efektivn\u011b dod\u00e1vat m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed sign\u00e1l. Pokud maj\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de vysok\u00fd dynamick\u00fd rozsah, jsou p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 opakovatelnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong>, tj. schopnost sn\u00edma\u010de generovat stejn\u00fd v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1l p\u0159i stimulaci podobn\u00fdm vstupn\u00edm sign\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n

Spolehlivost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje tak\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed \u0161um na v\u00fdstupu sn\u00edma\u010de<\/strong> a hystereze<\/strong> – vlastnost z\u00e1vislosti sign\u00e1lu na v\u00fdstupu sn\u00edma\u010de na aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm stavu vstupu a stavu, kter\u00fd mu p\u0159edch\u00e1zel.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ultrazvukov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem ultrazvukov\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de<\/span> je p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly na ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlny<\/span>. Takov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d lze nal\u00e9zt mimo jin\u00e9, jako piezoelektrick\u00fd<\/span> nebo kapacitn\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010d<\/span>. Jednou z pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f je m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zvukov\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b odra\u017een\u00fdch ultrazvukov\u00fdch vln. Toto m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno na vhodn\u00e9 metod\u011b ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jednoduch\u00fdmi metodami, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sn\u00edma\u010de teploty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Thermocouple Amplifier - sn\u00edma\u010d teploty MCP9601 I2C - STEMMA QT \/ Qwiic - Adafruit 5165.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sn\u00edma\u010d teploty<\/strong> slou\u017e\u00ed k konverzi teploty za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na jinou veli\u010dinu<\/strong>, jako jsou elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, tlak<\/strong> nebo mechanick\u00e1 energi<\/strong>e. Slou\u017e\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty vzduchu tak, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159\u00eddit provozn\u00ed teplotu n\u011bkolika za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako je klimatizace, topen\u00ed nebo v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b elektronick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed se nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 teplota p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed na elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u010din\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad zap\u00edn\u00e1 nebo vyp\u00edn\u00e1 vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d<\/strong> je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed typ senzoru a jeho hlavn\u00ed funkc\u00ed je p\u0159em\u011bna mechanick\u00e9 energie na elektrickou<\/strong>. Stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem lze p\u0159em\u011bnit elektrickou energii na mechanickou. Takov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k detekci \u00faderu pali\u010dky na elektronick\u00e9 bic\u00ed pady<\/strong> a k detekci pohybu sval\u016f<\/strong>, co\u017e se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v akceleromiografii<\/strong>. V automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu se piezoelektrick\u00e9 senzory pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako senzory pro detekci klep\u00e1n\u00ed spalov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sn\u00edma\u010de tlaku<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sn\u00edma\u010d tlaku<\/strong>je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed typ sn\u00edma\u010de, kter\u00fd p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed tlak na elektrick\u00fd nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd sign\u00e1l<\/strong>. Slou\u017e\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku ur\u010dit\u00e9 velikosti, nap\u0159\u00edklad plynu nebo kapaliny<\/strong>, a to tak, \u017ee m\u011bn\u00ed tlak na elektrickou energii. Mezi hlavn\u00ed oblasti pou\u017eit\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f tlaku pat\u0159\u00ed detekce v\u00fd\u0161ky, tlaku, hladiny nebo hloubky, detekce pr\u016ftoku a testov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bsnosti<\/strong>. Tyto sn\u00edma\u010de lze pou\u017e\u00edt k v\u00fdrob\u011b elekt\u0159iny pod rychlostn\u00edmi prahy na silnic\u00edch, kde lze s\u00edlu zp\u016fsobenou provozem vozidel p\u0159em\u011bnit na elektrickou energii.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sn\u00edma\u010de elektrick\u00e9ho proudu a magnetick\u00e9ho pole<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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D\u00edky dlouholet\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumu a experiment\u016fm stanovili velc\u00ed v\u011bdci z\u00e1kony, jimi\u017e se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed elektromagnetismus<\/strong> v nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu – za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed jm\u00e9na jako Michael Faraday, Andr\u00e9 Amp\u00e8re, Carl Friedrich Gauss<\/strong> a Micha\u0142 Doliwo-Dobrowolski.<\/strong> To vedlo k vyn\u00e1lezu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako je mikrofon, magnetoelektrick\u00fd reproduktor, stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 a st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 elektromotory a gener\u00e1tory<\/strong>, transform\u00e1tory a p\u0159\u00edstroje pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch veli\u010din.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad v transform\u00e1toru se elektrick\u00e1 energie tak\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje na elektrickou energii s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi parametry p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm elektromagnetick\u00e9 vazby. Podobn\u011b funguj\u00ed i sn\u00edma\u010de v elektrick\u00e9 kyta\u0159e, kde vibruj\u00edc\u00ed kovov\u00e9 struny um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 nad p\u00f3ly sn\u00edma\u010de zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed indukci magnetick\u00e9ho pole v j\u00e1d\u0159e, na kter\u00e9m je navinuto m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 vinut\u00ed, co\u017e vede k elektrick\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed a proudu v j\u00e1d\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Sign\u00e1l z takov\u00e9ho m\u011bni\u010de je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slab\u00fd, tak\u017ee ne\u017e se dostane k reproduktoru, proch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159edzesilova\u010dem a v\u00fdkonov\u00fdm zesilova\u010dem, v n\u011bm\u017e se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jeden nebo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektronkov\u00fdch zesilova\u010d\u016f dokonce dva transform\u00e1tory.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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V elektronice se velmi \u010dasto setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edmi obvody, a to nejen v samotn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed nebo teploty \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me sn\u00edma\u010de.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":64547,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-64986","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSn\u00edma\u010d - co jsou to sn\u00edma\u010de a jak\u00e9 je jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nav\u0161tivte blog Botland a seznamte se s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi typy sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/snimac-co-jsou-to-snimace-a-jake-je-jejich-pouziti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sn\u00edma\u010d - co jsou to sn\u00edma\u010de a jak\u00e9 je jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed? 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