{"id":65247,"date":"2023-07-06T06:01:45","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T04:01:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/michael-faraday-biografia-odkrycia-i-najwazniejsze-informacje\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:09:35","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:09:35","slug":"michael-faraday-zivotopis-objevy-a-nejdulezitejsi-informace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/michael-faraday-zivotopis-objevy-a-nejdulezitejsi-informace\/","title":{"rendered":"Michael Faraday – \u017eivotopis, objevy a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 8<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Zdroj tituln\u00edho obr\u00e1zku: https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/michael-faraday-inventor-4059933<\/p>\n

V\u011bdeck\u00e9 objevy – mal\u00e9 i velk\u00e9 – daly podn\u011bt k dal\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdzkumu. Za t\u011bmito objevy samoz\u0159ejm\u011b stoj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed lid\u00e9! Kdo byl Michael Faraday a za co mu vd\u011b\u010d\u00edme?<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Michael Faraday - jeden z pion\u00fdr\u016f elektromagnetismu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku p\u0159edstavujeme \u017eivotopis anglick\u00e9ho fyzika, chemika a vyn\u00e1lezce Michaela Faradaye (1791-1867<\/strong> ) a jeho nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 objevy. P\u0159esto\u017ee Michael Faraday poch\u00e1zel z velmi chud\u00e9 rodiny, stal se jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdc\u016f v historii – jeho \u00fasp\u011bchy byly pozoruhodn\u00e9 v dob\u011b, kdy v\u011bda byla obvykle dom\u00e9nou lid\u00ed z bohat\u00fdch rodin. V \u010dl\u00e1nku budou zm\u00edn\u011bna i dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 jm\u00e9na spojen\u00e1 s objevy hlavn\u00edho hrdiny.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Michael Faraday - narozen\u00ed a za\u010d\u00e1tek vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed cesty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Michael Faraday se narodil 22. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1791 nedaleko Lond\u00fdna v Anglii<\/strong>. Byl t\u0159et\u00edm d\u00edt\u011btem Jamese a Margaret Faradayov\u00fdch. Jeho otec byl kov\u00e1\u0159, kter\u00fd se pot\u00fdkal se \u0161patn\u00fdm fyzick\u00fdm zdrav\u00edm. Jeho matka byla p\u0159ed svatbou slu\u017ekou. <\/p>\n

Rodina \u017eila v chudob\u011b. Michael Faraday nav\u0161t\u011bvoval do sv\u00fdch 13 let m\u00edstn\u00ed \u0161kolu, kde z\u00edskal z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. Aby vyd\u011blal pen\u00edze pro rodinu, za\u010dal pracovat jako kur\u00fdr v knihkupectv\u00ed. Po roce byl pov\u00fd\u0161en na kniha\u0159sk\u00e9ho u\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Michael Faraday - anglick\u00fd experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyzik a chemik. Zdroj: https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Faraday<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Michael Faraday - knihvaza\u010d zv\u011bdav\u00fd na sv\u011bt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Michael Faraday se cht\u011bl dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o sv\u011bt\u011b – neomezil se jen na knihvaza\u010dstv\u00ed. Po n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci tr\u00e1vil voln\u00fd \u010das \u010detbou v\u00e1zan\u00fdch knih, zejm\u00e9na svazk\u016f o v\u011bd\u011b. Zaujaly ho zejm\u00e9na dv\u011b knihy: Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/strong> (jeho hlavn\u00ed zdroj v\u011bdomost\u00ed o elekt\u0159in\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch oborech) a Rozhovory o chemii od Jane Marcetov\u00e9<\/strong> (600 stran o chemii popsan\u00fdch mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem).<\/p>\n

Michaela Faradaye v\u011bda fascinovala natolik, \u017ee za\u010dal \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho skromn\u00e9ho platu utr\u00e1cet za chemick\u00e1 \u010dinidla a laboratorn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje, aby si v praxi ov\u011b\u0159il pravdivost toho, co \u010detl. Kdy\u017e se dozv\u011bd\u011bl v\u00edce o v\u011bd\u011b, usly\u0161el, \u017ee se zn\u00e1m\u00fd v\u011bdec John Tatum<\/strong> chyst\u00e1 uspo\u0159\u00e1dat s\u00e9rii ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek o filozofii p\u0159\u00edrody (fyzice). Poplatek za \u00fa\u010dast na p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161k\u00e1ch \u010dinil jeden \u0161ilink, co\u017e bylo nad Michaelovy finan\u010dn\u00ed mo\u017enosti. Jeho star\u0161\u00ed bratr, kov\u00e1\u0159, na kter\u00e9ho zap\u016fsobil Michael\u016fv rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1jem o v\u011bdu, mu dal pot\u0159ebn\u00fd \u0161ilink.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vstup do sv\u011bta v\u011bdy a v\u011bdc\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Faradayovo vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed se posunulo o dal\u0161\u00ed krok d\u00e1l, kdy\u017e ho z\u00e1kazn\u00edk knihkupectv\u00ed William Dance<\/strong> po\u017e\u00e1dal, zda by necht\u011bl vid\u011bt p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ku sira Humphryho Davyho<\/strong> v Royal Institution<\/strong>. Humphry Davy byl jedn\u00edm z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdc\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b. Faraday vyu\u017eil p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti a z\u00fa\u010dastnil se \u010dty\u0159 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek o jednom z nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f chemie – o definici kyselosti<\/strong>. Pozoroval Humphryho Davyho p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed praktick\u00fdch pokus\u016f. Tohle byl sv\u011bt, ve kter\u00e9m cht\u011bl \u017e\u00edt. B\u011bhem p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek si d\u011blal pozn\u00e1mky, kter\u00e9 pak doplnil natolik, \u017ee vytvo\u0159il 300str\u00e1nkovou ru\u010dn\u011b psanou knihu, kterou sv\u00e1zal a poslal Davymu jako pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby za\u010dal Faraday v zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti knihkupectv\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bt slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pokusy a sestrojil elektrickou baterii z m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch minc\u00ed a zinkov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f odd\u011blen\u00fdch vlhk\u00fdm slan\u00fdm pap\u00edrem. Svou baterii pou\u017e\u00edval k rozkladu chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, jako je s\u00edran ho\u0159e\u010dnat\u00fd. Humphry Davy byl pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem tohoto druhu chemie<\/strong>. V \u0159\u00edjnu 1812 Faradayovo u\u010d\u0148ovsk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed skon\u010dilo a on za\u010dal pracovat jako kniha\u0159 u nov\u00e9ho zam\u011bstnavatele, kter\u00fd mu nebyl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u0160t\u011bst\u00ed v ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed!<\/h2>\n

Brzy n\u00e1sledovala \u0161\u0165astn\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda pro Faradaye. Sir Humphry Davy byl zran\u011bn p\u0159i v\u00fdbuchu b\u011bhem ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho experimentu a do\u010dasn\u011b nemohl ps\u00e1t. Faradayovi se poda\u0159ilo naj\u00edt si na n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci po boku Davyho, na kter\u00e9ho kniha, kterou mu poslal, ud\u011blala dojem. B\u00fdt knihvaza\u010dem m\u011blo p\u0159ece sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhody! Kdy\u017e vypr\u0161ela lh\u016fta na v\u00fdm\u011bnu, Faraday poslal Davymu dopis, ve kter\u00e9m ho po\u017e\u00e1dal, zda by se mohl st\u00e1t jeho asistentem. Kr\u00e1tce pot\u00e9 byl jeden z Davyho asistent\u016f propu\u0161t\u011bn pro \u0161patn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u011bdec poslal Faradayovi zpr\u00e1vu, zda by necht\u011bl p\u0159ijmout m\u00edsto chemick\u00e9ho asistenta. Odpov\u011b\u010f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jen jedna!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Royal Institution of Great Britain - dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kari\u00e9ry Michaela Faradaye<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Budova Royal Institution v Lond\u00fdn\u011b. Zdroj: https:\/\/www.conferences-uk.org.uk\/venue\/the-royal-institute-of-great-britain<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1. b\u0159ezna 1813 za\u010dal Faraday ve sv\u00fdch 21 letech pracovat v Royal Institution of Great Britain<\/strong>. Jeho plat byl u\u017e tak docela slu\u0161n\u00fd a byl mu p\u0159id\u011blen pokoj v podkrov\u00ed Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho institutu, kde mohl bydlet. Jeho prvn\u00edm \u00fakolem jako asistenta chemie byla p\u0159\u00edprava p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f pro experimenty a p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky. Jednalo se o pr\u00e1ci s chloridem dusi\u010dit\u00fdm (III), v\u00fdbu\u0161ninou, kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobila Davymu nehodu. S\u00e1m Faraday byl p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdbuchu l\u00e1tky kr\u00e1tce v bezv\u011bdom\u00ed a pot\u00e9 byl Davy op\u011bt zran\u011bn, co\u017e vedlo k zastaven\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Po pouh\u00fdch sedmi m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch pr\u00e1ce v Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m institutu vzal Davy Faradaye jako sv\u00e9ho tajemn\u00edka na 18m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed cestu po Evrop\u011b. <\/span>B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby se Faraday setkal s v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi v\u011bdci, jako byli Andr\u00e9 Marie Amp\u00e8re a Alessandro Volta<\/strong>. V jist\u00e9m smyslu p\u016fsobila tato cesta jako univerzitn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a Faraday se b\u011bhem n\u00ed hodn\u011b nau\u010dil. Po v\u011bt\u0161inu cesty v\u0161ak byl ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fd, proto\u017ee krom\u011b akademick\u00e9 a sekret\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce musel b\u00fdt osobn\u00edm sluhou Davyho a jeho \u017eeny, co\u017e se mu nel\u00edbilo. Davyho man\u017eelka odm\u00edtala s Faradayem jednat jako s rovnocenn\u00fdm partnerem, proto\u017ee poch\u00e1zel z rodiny ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy.<\/p>\n

V Lond\u00fdn\u011b se v\u0161ak situace za\u010dala op\u011bt zlep\u0161ovat. Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd \u00fastav obnovil Faradayovu smlouvu a zv\u00fd\u0161il mu plat. Davy ho dokonce za\u010dal uzn\u00e1vat ve v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch, kde mimo jin\u00e9 napsal. “Jsem vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd panu Michaelu Faradayovi za mo\u017enou pomoc…“<\/em>.<\/p>\n

V roce 1816, ve sv\u00fdch 24 letech, p\u0159ednesl Faraday svou prvn\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ku o vlastnostech hmoty p\u0159ed M\u011bstskou filozofickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Sv\u016fj v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek publikoval v \u010dasopise Quarterly Journal of Science<\/strong>, kde se zab\u00fdval anal\u00fdzou hydroxidu v\u00e1penat\u00e9ho. V roce 1821, ve sv\u00fdch 29 letech, byl pov\u00fd\u0161en na spr\u00e1vce domu a laborato\u0159e Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho institutu. V t\u00e9m\u017ee roce se o\u017eenil se Sarah Barnardovou. Po v\u011bt\u0161inu n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 46 let bydleli v pokoj\u00edch Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho institutu – ne v podkrov\u00ed, ale v pohodln\u00e9m apartm\u00e1, kter\u00e9 kdysi ob\u00fdval s\u00e1m Humphry Davy. V roce 1824, ve sv\u00fdch 32 letech, byl zvolen \u010dlenem Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, co\u017e bylo uzn\u00e1n\u00edm jeho v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f. V roce 1825 se stal \u0159editelem laborato\u0159e Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho institutu. V roce 1833, ve sv\u00fdch 41 letech, z\u00edskal Fullerovu profesuru chemie na Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9m institutu Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie. Tuto funkci zast\u00e1val po zbytek \u017eivota. V roce 1848 mu bylo nab\u00eddnuto p\u0159edsednictv\u00ed Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a v roce 1858 znovu, ale nab\u00eddku odm\u00edtl.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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V\u011bdeck\u00e9 objevy Michaela Faradaye<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bylo by snadn\u00e9 napsat samostatnou knihu, v n\u00ed\u017e by byly pops\u00e1ny v\u0161echny Faradayovy objevy – jak v chemii, tak ve fyzice<\/strong>. Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee Albert Einstein m\u011bl ve sv\u00e9 pracovn\u011b obr\u00e1zky t\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016f: Isaaca Newtona, Jamese Clerka Maxwella a pr\u00e1v\u011b Michaela Faradaye<\/strong>. Je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed, \u017ee a\u010dkoli lid\u00e9 za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edvat slovo fyzik je\u0161t\u011b za Faradayova \u017eivota, s\u00e1m Faraday toto slovo nem\u011bl r\u00e1d a v\u017edy se ozna\u010doval za filozofa. Byl to \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd se v\u011bnoval objevov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm experiment\u016f a byl zn\u00e1m\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee se nikdy nevzd\u00e1val my\u0161lenek, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zely z jeho v\u011bdeck\u00e9 intuice. Pokud se mu n\u011bjak\u00fd n\u00e1pad zd\u00e1l dobr\u00fd, experimentoval a zaznamen\u00e1val \u010detn\u00e9 ne\u00fasp\u011bchy, dokud nedos\u00e1hl o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku nebo dokud fyzika neprok\u00e1zala, \u017ee se jeho intuice m\u00fdl\u00ed – to se v\u0161ak ve Faradayov\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b st\u00e1valo jen z\u0159\u00eddka. Pod\u00edvejme se nyn\u00ed pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u011b na nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 objevy Michaela Faradaye.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1821: Faradayova elektrick\u00e1 indukce<\/h2>\n

Faradayovy elektrick\u00e9 indukce<\/strong> byly n\u011b\u010d\u00edm, co se vyrovnalo d\u00edlu Mikul\u00e1\u0161e Kopern\u00edka O ob\u011bz\u00edch nebesk\u00fdch sf\u00e9r<\/em>! Tato zku\u0161enost nakonec vedla k vyn\u00e1lezu elektromotoru<\/strong> na z\u00e1klad\u011b objevu Hanse Christiana \u00d8rsteda<\/strong>, \u017ee elektricky vodiv\u00fd dr\u00e1t m\u00e1 magnetick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Ve Faradayov\u011b gener\u00e1toru vytv\u00e1\u0159el m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fd disk ot\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00ed se v magnetick\u00e9m poli permanentn\u00edho magnetu elektromotorickou s\u00edlu (nap\u011bt\u00ed), kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobovala pr\u016fchod proudu vodi\u010di.<\/p>\n

1823: zkapal\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a mrznut\u00ed plyn\u016f<\/h2>\n

V roce 1802 John Dalton<\/strong> vyj\u00e1d\u0159il p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161echny plyny lze zkapalnit pomoc\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot nebo vysok\u00fdch tlak\u016f. Faraday poskytl p\u0159esn\u00fd d\u016fkaz Daltonovy v\u011bty, kdy\u017e za pou\u017eit\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho tlaku vyrobil prvn\u00ed kapaln\u00e9 vzorky chloru a amoniaku. Demonstrace mo\u017enosti zkapalnit \u010dpavek pod tlakem a n\u00e1sledn\u011b jej odpa\u0159it a ochladit vedla k rozvoji komer\u010dn\u00edho chlazen\u00ed<\/strong>. Zkapal\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dpavku bylo d\u00e1le zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, proto\u017ee Faraday si v\u0161iml, \u017ee op\u011btovn\u00e9 odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dpavku zp\u016fsobuje ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed. Princip chlazen\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdm odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u011b demonstroval William Cullen<\/strong> v Edinburghu v roce 1756. Cullen pou\u017eil pumpu ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tlaku v etherov\u00e9 ba\u0148ce, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se ether rychle odpa\u0159il a ochladil. Na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b ba\u0148ky se v d\u016fsledku kontaktu se vzdu\u0161nou vlhkost\u00ed vytvo\u0159il led. V\u00fdznam Faradayova objevu spo\u010d\u00edval v tom, \u017ee uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee mechanick\u00e1 \u010derpadla mohou p\u0159em\u011bnit plyn p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b na kapalinu. Kapalina by se pak mohla odpa\u0159ovat, ochlazovat sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed a vznikl\u00fd plyn by se mohl shroma\u017e\u010fovat a op\u011bt stla\u010dovat kapalinov\u00fdm \u010derpadlem, na\u010de\u017e by se cel\u00fd cyklus mohl opakovat. To je z\u00e1klad pro provoz modern\u00edch chladni\u010dek, mrazni\u010dek a chladic\u00edch box\u016f<\/strong>. V roce 1862 p\u0159edvedl Ferdinand Carr\u00e9<\/strong> na sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00fdstav\u011b v Lond\u00fdn\u011b prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed stroj na v\u00fdrobu ledu. Stroj pou\u017e\u00edval jako chladivo \u010dpavek a vyr\u00e1b\u011bl led rychlost\u00ed 200 kg\/h.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1825: objev benzenu<\/h2>\n

Historicky je benzen<\/strong> (C6<\/span>H6<\/span>) jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek v organick\u00e9 chemii, a to jak v praktick\u00e9m smyslu, tj. p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, tak v teoretick\u00e9m smyslu, p\u0159i pochopen\u00ed chemick\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Michael Faraday objevil benzen v olejov\u00e9m zbytku z v\u00fdroby plynu pro osv\u011btlen\u00ed pouli\u010dn\u00edch lamp v Lond\u00fdn\u011b.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Benzen v tuh\u00e9m stavu. Zdroj: https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzen<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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1831: objev jevu elektromagnetick\u00e9 indukce<\/h2>\n

Tento objev byl nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pro budoucnost v\u011bdy i techniky. Faraday zjistil, \u017ee st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole indukuje tok proudu v elektrick\u00e9m obvodu<\/strong>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pohyb podkovov\u00e9ho magnetu po vodi\u010di vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 elektrick\u00fd proud, proto\u017ee pohyb magnetu zp\u016fsobuje st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole. D\u0159\u00edve mohli lid\u00e9 vyr\u00e1b\u011bt elekt\u0159inu pouze pomoc\u00ed elektrochemick\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku (baterie). Faraday dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee mechanick\u00fd pohyb lze p\u0159em\u011bnit na elekt\u0159inu<\/strong> – nebo, \u0159e\u010deno v\u011bdecky, \u017ee kinetickou energii lze p\u0159em\u011bnit na elektrickou<\/strong>. Pohybem magnetu vznik\u00e1 proud, kter\u00fd lze sledovat pomoc\u00ed vhodn\u011b citliv\u00e9ho amp\u00e9rmetru. \u010c\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je magnet, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je proud.<\/p>\n

Stisknut\u00edm ty\u010dov\u00e9ho magnetu do c\u00edvky dr\u00e1tu lze generovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed proud (tzv. magnetick\u00fd zesilova\u010d). V\u011bt\u0161ina elekt\u0159iny dod\u00e1van\u00e9 do dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed a tov\u00e1ren se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed na tomto principu. Ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed turb\u00edn ve vodn\u00edch, v\u011btrn\u00fdch, uheln\u00fdch, plynov\u00fdch a jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1rn\u00e1ch uv\u00e1d\u00ed do pohybu rotor, kter\u00fd bud\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole ve statoru a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm obvykl\u00fdm krokem je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed na \u00farove\u0148 s\u00edt\u011b pomoc\u00ed transform\u00e1toru, kter\u00fd rovn\u011b\u017e funguje na principu Faradayovy indukce. To plat\u00ed i pro transform\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed na \u00farove\u0148 nap\u011bt\u00ed koncov\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b Faradayova z\u00e1kona funguj\u00ed tak\u00e9 elektroakustick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de v elektrick\u00fdch kytar\u00e1ch a varhan\u00e1ch Hammond, zapalovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my benz\u00ednov\u00fdch motor\u016f a<\/strong> mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch induk\u010dn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stky.<\/p>\n

1834: Faraday\u016fv z\u00e1kon elektrol\u00fdzy<\/h2>\n

Faraday byl jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch v\u011bdc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1li u zrodu nov\u00e9 v\u011bdy, elektrochemie<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 studuje d\u011bje na rozhran\u00ed mezi elektrodami a iontov\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Elektrochemie vytvo\u0159ila lithium-iontov\u00e9 a nikl-hydridov\u00e9 baterie schopn\u00e9 poh\u00e1n\u011bt modern\u00ed mobiln\u00ed technologie. Faradayovy z\u00e1kony jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed reakc\u00ed v elektrochemick\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch a elektrod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1836: Faradayova klec<\/h2>\n

Faraday zjistil, \u017ee kdy\u017e se jak\u00fdkoli elektrick\u00fd vodi\u010d nabije, ve\u0161ker\u00fd dodate\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1boj se nach\u00e1z\u00ed vn\u011b vodi\u010de. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se na vnit\u0159n\u00ed stran\u011b m\u00edstnosti nebo klece z kovu neobjev\u00ed p\u0159\u00edplatek<\/strong>. Tato vlastnost byla vyu\u017eita p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b ochrann\u00fdch od\u011bv\u016f ur\u010den\u00fdch pro pr\u00e1ci v agresivn\u00edm elektromagnetick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed (nap\u0159. pro elektrik\u00e1\u0159e pracuj\u00edc\u00ed na nadzemn\u00edch veden\u00edch vysok\u00e9ho a velmi vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed). Krom\u011b toho lze do Faradayovy klece um\u00edstit p\u0159edm\u011bty zapojen\u00e9 do elektrick\u00fdch nebo elektrochemick\u00fdch experiment\u016f, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo ru\u0161en\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi elektromagnetick\u00fdmi poli, kter\u00e1 by mohla zfal\u0161ovat v\u00fdsledky experimentu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Faradayova klec. Zdroj: https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klatka_Faradaya<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Faradayovy klece mohou tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et mrtv\u00e9 z\u00f3ny pro bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b – takov\u00fd jev lze pozorovat p\u0159i pokusu o telefonov\u00e1n\u00ed v kovov\u00e9m v\u00fdtahu, kter\u00fd nepropou\u0161t\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9 vlny. Kovov\u00e9 karoserie funguj\u00ed tak\u00e9 jako Faradayova klec – b\u011bhem bou\u0159ky chr\u00e1n\u00ed karoserie p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm bleskem.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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1845: magnetooptick\u00fd jev<\/h2>\n

Jednalo se o dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd experiment v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch v\u011bdy, kter\u00fd jako prvn\u00ed propojil elektromagnetismus a sv\u011btlo – vztah, kter\u00fd byl nakonec pln\u011b pops\u00e1n rovnicemi Jamese Clerka Maxwella v roce 1864, je\u017e stanovily, \u017ee sv\u011btlo je elektromagnetick\u00e9 vln\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong>. Proto Faraday\u016fv z\u00e1kon elektromagnetick\u00e9 indukce<\/strong> spolu s Amp\u00e9rov\u00fdm z\u00e1konem a Gaussov\u00fdm z\u00e1konem pro elektrick\u00e9 a magnetick\u00e9 pole<\/strong> tvo\u0159\u00ed Maxwellovy rovnice<\/strong>. Faraday zjistil, \u017ee magnetick\u00e9 pole zp\u016fsobuje ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed roviny polarizace sv\u011btla.<\/strong> Kdy\u017e byly magnetick\u00e9 p\u00f3ly proti sob\u011b na stejn\u00e9 stran\u011b, ovliv\u0148ovaly polarizovan\u00fd paprsek sv\u011btla, co\u017e dokazuje, \u017ee magnetick\u00e1 s\u00edla a sv\u011btlo spolu souvisej\u00ed.<\/p>\n

1845: objev diamagnetismu<\/h2>\n

Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm typem magnetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je feromagnetikum<\/strong>, ale Faraday zjistil, \u017ee v\u0161echny l\u00e1tky jsou diamagnetick\u00e9<\/strong> – v\u011bt\u0161ina slab\u011b, n\u011bkter\u00e9 siln\u011b. Diamagnetismus p\u016fsob\u00ed proti sm\u011bru p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00e9ho magnetick\u00e9ho pole<\/strong>. Pokud nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ilo\u017e\u00edte severn\u00ed p\u00f3l magnetu k p\u0159edm\u011btu se siln\u011b diamagnetick\u00fdmi vlastnostmi, bude tento p\u0159edm\u011bt magnetem odpuzov\u00e1n. Diamagnetismus v materi\u00e1lech, vyvolan\u00fd velmi siln\u00fdmi modern\u00edmi magnety, lze vyu\u017e\u00edt k vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed levitace. Dokonce i \u017eiv\u00ed tvorov\u00e9, jako jsou \u017e\u00e1by, jsou diamagneti\u010dt\u00ed – a v siln\u00e9m magnetick\u00e9m poli mohou levitovat.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Michael Faraday - soukrom\u00fd \u017eivot, odkaz a vzpom\u00ednkov\u00e9 akce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Michael Faraday zem\u0159el 25. srpna 1867 v Lond\u00fdn\u011b ve v\u011bku 75<\/strong> let. Jeho man\u017eelka Sarah zem\u0159ela v roce 1879. Man\u017eel\u00e9 z\u016fstali bezd\u011btn\u00ed. Michael Faraday byl po cel\u00fd \u017eivot oddan\u00fdm k\u0159es\u0165anem a pat\u0159il k mal\u00e9 protestantsk\u00e9 sekt\u011b Sandemanians. Jeho oddanost v\u00ed\u0159e a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m byla stejn\u011b velk\u00e1 jako jeho v\u011bdeck\u00e1 kari\u00e9ra. Je\u0161t\u011b za sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota byl poh\u0159ben ve Westminstersk\u00e9m opatstv\u00ed vedle britsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f a kr\u00e1loven a v\u011bdc\u016f kalibru Isaaca Newtona. Faraday tento n\u00e1vrh odm\u00edtl ve prosp\u011bch skromn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho m\u00edsta odpo\u010dinku. Jeho hrob, kde je poh\u0159bena i jeho man\u017eelka Sarah, je st\u00e1le k vid\u011bn\u00ed na lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9m h\u0159bitov\u011b Highgate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Jednotka elektrick\u00e9 kapacity se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 farad na po\u010dest Michaela Faradaye a ozna\u010duje se velk\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem “F”.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Socha Michaela Faradaye. Zdroj: https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Faraday<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Zdroj tituln\u00edho obr\u00e1zku: https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/michael-faraday-inventor-4059933<\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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