{"id":65682,"date":"2023-04-19T06:21:09","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T04:21:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/dioda-zenera-co-to-jest-charakterystyka-i-zastosowanie\/"},"modified":"2023-07-14T10:46:03","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T08:46:03","slug":"zenerova-dioda-co-to-je-charakteristika-a-pouziti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/zenerova-dioda-co-to-je-charakteristika-a-pouziti\/","title":{"rendered":"Zenerova dioda – co to je? Charakteristika a pou\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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\nZenerova dioda je d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed elektroniky, bez kter\u00e9 se n\u011bkdy prost\u011b neobejdete. Zd\u00e1nliv\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e1, oby\u010dejn\u00e1 dioda s konektorem PN, ale se zaj\u00edmav\u00fdmi funkcemi. Je to prvek projekt\u016f v d\u00edln\u011b elektronika, a nejen, kter\u00fd by prost\u011b m\u011bl zn\u00e1t. Pod\u00edvejme se proto na Zenerovu diodu bl\u00ed\u017ee. <\/strong>\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Co je to Zenerova dioda?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Zenerova dioda<\/a><\/strong> je k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e1 polovodi\u010dov\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1stka, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje pr\u016fchod proudu dv\u011bma sm\u011bry<\/strong> (“dop\u0159edn\u00fd” a “zp\u011btn\u00fd”). N\u011bkdy se tak\u00e9 ozna\u010duje, i kdy\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b z\u0159\u00eddka, jako stabiliz\u00e1tor. Zenerovy diody se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed ze speci\u00e1ln\u00edho, siln\u011b dopovan\u00e9ho p-n p\u0159echodu, kter\u00fd je navr\u017een tak, aby p\u0159i dosa\u017een\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed vedl proud v opa\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru<\/strong>. Na rozd\u00edl od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 diody, kter\u00e1 blokuje pr\u016fchod jak\u00e9hokoli proudu v opa\u010dn\u00e9 polarit\u011b (kdy\u017e je potenci\u00e1l katody vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e potenci\u00e1l anody), za\u010dne Zenerova dioda v\u00e9st v opa\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru, kdy\u017e toto nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed ur\u010ditou mez. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed Zenerovy diody<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 diody blokuj\u00ed tok proudu, kdy\u017e katodov\u00fd potenci\u00e1l p\u0159evy\u0161uje anodov\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, tj. p\u0159i bari\u00e9rov\u00e9 polarit\u011b. Zenerova dioda vede proud bez poruchy sm\u011brem dovnit\u0159<\/strong>, kdy\u017e hodnota nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed prahovou hodnotu. Krom\u011b toho z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fabytek nap\u011bt\u00ed na diod\u011b konstantn\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9m rozsahu nap\u011bt\u00ed, a pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky tomu jsou Zenerovy diody vhodn\u00e9 pro pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i regulaci nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

Hodn\u011b tedy z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na sm\u011bru veden\u00ed – a v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 podstata fungov\u00e1n\u00ed Zenerovy diody. Pokud je anoda v\u016f\u010di katod\u011b kladn\u011b polarizovan\u00e1, funguje Zenerova dioda stejn\u011b jako b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 diody<\/strong>. Pokud je tomu naopak, tj. katoda je v\u016f\u010di anod\u011b polarizov\u00e1na kladn\u011b a polarizace je z\u00e1porn\u00e1<\/strong>, m\u016f\u017ee Zenerova dioda p\u0159i p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v\u00e9st proud. Jej\u00edm nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm parametrem je proto jej\u00ed dielektrick\u00e1 pevnost – pr\u016frazn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. V rozmez\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed 5-7 V doch\u00e1z\u00ed k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu slu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed – Zener\u016fv jev<\/strong> a lavinov\u00fd pr\u016fraz<\/strong>, p\u0159i nap\u011bt\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 7 V doch\u00e1z\u00ed pouze k lavinov\u00e9mu pr\u016frazu. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Zener\u016fv jev a lavinov\u00fd pr\u016fraz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nen\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 uhodnout, \u017ee v elektronice se Zener\u016fv jev<\/strong> (objeven\u00fd v roce 1934 Clarencem Melvinem Zenerem) popisuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v souvislosti s diodou v dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u011bmu u siln\u011b dopovan\u00fdch p-n p\u0159echod\u016f polarizovan\u00fdch z\u00e1porn\u011b (zp\u011btn\u00e9 zkreslen\u00ed). Vztahuje se k pr\u016frazn\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong>. Vlivem vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9ho p\u0159edp\u011bt\u00ed se deple\u010dn\u00ed oblast p-n p\u0159echodu roz\u0161i\u0159uje, co\u017e vede k siln\u00e9mu elektrick\u00e9mu poli<\/strong> na p\u0159echodu. Tato dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 pole umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed elektron\u016fm tunelovat p\u0159es deple\u010dn\u00ed oblast polovodi\u010de, co\u017e vede ke generaci mnoha voln\u00fdch nosi\u010d\u016f n\u00e1boje. N\u00e1hl\u00e1 generace nosi\u010d\u016f rychle zvy\u0161uje zp\u011btn\u00fd proud a je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vysok\u00e9 vodivosti Zenerovy diody. <\/p>\n

Lavinov\u00fd pr\u016fraz<\/h3>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b lavinov\u00e9ho pr\u016frazu<\/strong> je situace pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e1. Zener\u016fv jev a lavinov\u00fd pr\u016frazn\u00fd jev se mohou vyskytovat sou\u010dasn\u011b i nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b. Lavinov\u00fd jev se m\u016f\u017ee vyskytovat v izola\u010dn\u00edch i polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech. Jedn\u00e1 se o formu n\u00e1soben\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje pr\u016fchod velmi velk\u00fdch proud\u016f v materi\u00e1lech, kter\u00e9 jsou jinak dobr\u00fdmi izolanty. Jedn\u00e1 se o typ lavinov\u00e9ho elektronov\u00e9ho jevu. <\/p>\n

Materi\u00e1ly vedou elekt\u0159inu, pokud obsahuj\u00ed pohybliv\u00e9 nosi\u010de n\u00e1boje. V polovodi\u010di existuj\u00ed dva typy nosi\u010d\u016f n\u00e1boje: voln\u00e9 elektrony<\/strong> (pohybliv\u00e9 elektrony) a elektronov\u00e9 d\u00edry<\/strong> (pohybliv\u00e9 d\u00edry, kter\u00e9 postr\u00e1daj\u00ed elektrony v norm\u00e1ln\u011b obsazen\u00fdch elektronov\u00fdch stavech). Norm\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fd elektron, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve vazb\u011b, se v diod\u011b s obr\u00e1cen\u00fdm p\u0159edp\u011bt\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee odtrhnout v d\u016fsledku tepeln\u00fdch v\u00fdkyv\u016f nebo excitace. Pak vytvo\u0159\u00ed pohybliv\u00fd p\u00e1r elektron-d\u00edra. Pokud je v polovodi\u010di elektrick\u00e9 pole, bude se elektron pohybovat sm\u011brem ke kladn\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed, zat\u00edmco d\u00edra se bude pohybovat sm\u011brem k z\u00e1porn\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed. Obvykle se elektron a d\u00edra jednodu\u0161e p\u0159esunou na opa\u010dn\u00e9 konce krystalu<\/strong> a vstoup\u00ed do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch elektrod. <\/p>\n

Je-li elektrick\u00e9 pole dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e9, m\u016f\u017ee se pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se elektron nebo d\u00edra urychlit na dostate\u010dn\u011b vysokou rychlost, aby vy\u0159adil ostatn\u00ed v\u00e1zan\u00e9 elektrony, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznikne v\u00edce voln\u00fdch nosi\u010d\u016f n\u00e1boje, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed se proud a dojde k dal\u0161\u00edm “vy\u0159azovac\u00edm” proces\u016fm. A tak vznik\u00e1 lavina! <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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P\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017eit\u00ed Zenerovy diody<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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D\u00edky popsan\u00fdm vlastnostem jsou Zenerovy diody vhodn\u00e9 jako regul\u00e1tory nap\u011bt\u00ed, zdroje referen\u010dn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed ve stabiliz\u00e1torech (referen\u010dn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed), odru\u0161ova\u010de p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed a ve sp\u00ednac\u00edch aplikac\u00edch. Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed tak\u00e9 ochrann\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek Zenerovy diody – pokud vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed vzroste na hodnotu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Zenerovo pr\u016frazn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, prot\u00e9k\u00e1 diodou proud a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u00fabytek nap\u011bt\u00ed na rezistoru. To spust\u00ed SCR (k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fd \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd usm\u011br\u0148ova\u010d) a vytvo\u0159\u00ed zkrat na zemi. Zkrat otev\u0159e pojistku, odpoj\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e od nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a vytvo\u0159\u00ed tak p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ovou ochranu<\/strong>. N\u00e1r\u016fst proudu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt okam\u017eit\u00fd a rychl\u00fd, kdy\u017e polariza\u010dn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed dos\u00e1hne hodnoty vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je charakteristika p\u0159echodu, ale Zenerova dioda se postar\u00e1 o zbytek a nesel\u017ee. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Zenerovy diody se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed na d\u00edln\u011b desky<\/a><\/span> p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu prototyp\u016f a obvod\u016f. V praktick\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 hodnota pr\u016frazn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed tolerance, kter\u00e1 obvykle dosahuje n\u011bkolika procent. P\u0159i n\u00e1kupu je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost v\u00fdkonov\u00fdm a nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdm parametr\u016fm Zenerov\u00fdch diod, kter\u00e9 lze nal\u00e9zt ve verzi pro povrchov\u00e9 p\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/a><\/span> SMD<\/strong> a pro tradi\u010dn\u00ed mont\u00e1\u017ee THT.<\/strong> Zaj\u00edmavost: vyskytuj\u00ed se i v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel a v kryptografii!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zenerova dioda – ochrann\u00fd, referen\u010dn\u00ed a jednodu\u0161e nep\u0159ehl\u00e9dnuteln\u00fd prvek. Ka\u017ed\u00fd elektronik by m\u011bl zn\u00e1t z\u00e1klady jej\u00edho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u011bd\u011bt, \u010d\u00edm se li\u0161\u00ed od b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 diody. Zveme v\u00e1s k p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":65085,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nZenerova dioda - co to je? 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