{"id":66402,"date":"2023-04-04T06:21:23","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T04:21:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/podstawy-elektroniki-prad-opor-napiecie-zasilanie\/"},"modified":"2023-07-20T15:49:44","modified_gmt":"2023-07-20T13:49:44","slug":"podstawy-elektroniki-prad-opor-napiecie-zasilanie-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/podstawy-elektroniki-prad-opor-napiecie-zasilanie-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1klady elektroniky &#8211; proud, odpor, nap\u011bt\u00ed, nap\u00e1jen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 6<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"66402\" class=\"elementor elementor-66402 elementor-33955\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec752e5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec752e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52222a\" data-id=\"a52222a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7728bbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7728bbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00e1klady elektroniky - proud, odpor, nap\u011bt\u00ed, nap\u00e1jen\u00ed\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6582998 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6582998\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd elektronick\u00fd obvod a sou\u010d\u00e1stky, kter\u00e9 ho tvo\u0159\u00ed, popisuj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed veli\u010diny, kter\u00e9 lze m\u011b\u0159it a vypo\u010d\u00edtat.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2195140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2195140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parametry popisuj\u00edc\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 obvody a elektronick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c67dab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c67dab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\nTento \u010dl\u00e1nek popisuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 veli\u010diny, jako je proud, nap\u011bt\u00ed, odpor, analogii t\u011bchto veli\u010din v hydrostatice a vztah mezi t\u011bmito veli\u010dinami z teoretick\u00e9ho a praktick\u00e9ho hlediska.\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-474a7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"474a7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za jak\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem se obvody popisuj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch veli\u010din?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-77e3abd elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"77e3abd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-78b3668\" data-id=\"78b3668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-517f260 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"517f260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0159i pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta elektrick\u00fdch obvod\u016f a elektronick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f od za\u010d\u00e1tku je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnout z\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed pochopit jevy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v t\u011bchto syst\u00e9mech. Popis parametr\u016f elektrick\u00fdch obvod\u016f je zalo\u017een na t\u0159ech veli\u010din\u00e1ch, jako jsou proud, nap\u011bt\u00ed a odpor. Tyto veli\u010diny nelze odhadnout vizu\u00e1ln\u011b jako nap\u0159\u00edklad vzd\u00e1lenost mezi dv\u011bma fyzick\u00fdmi objekty. Jak v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mobiln\u00edho telefonu nap\u00e1jen\u00e9ho z baterie, tak v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bleskov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje m\u00e1me co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed s tokem proudu. A\u010dkoli je v druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b proudov\u00fd tok viditeln\u00fd jako vysoce ionizovan\u00fd vzduch nesouc\u00ed elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj, nelze jednozna\u010dn\u011b ur\u010dit, jak velk\u00fd proud byl p\u0159\u00edtomen v okam\u017eiku \u00faderu blesku. V laboratorn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch se hodnoty elektrick\u00fdch veli\u010din m\u011b\u0159\u00ed pomoc\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, jako jsou <a href=\"\/574-mierniki-uniwersalne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">multimetry<\/a>, <a href=\"\/577-oscyloskopy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">osciloskopy<\/a> nebo spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed analyz\u00e1tory.     Z proveden\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159\u00edmo i nep\u0159\u00edmo ur\u010dit hodnoty veli\u010din, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem m\u016f\u017eeme zkoumat odezvu syst\u00e9mu za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c425f30\" data-id=\"c425f30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f5e37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7f5e37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/schemat.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Profession electrician on a white background\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg3ODcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmN6XC9ibG9nXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wNFwvc2NoZW1hdC5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/schemat-1024x813.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-58787\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/schemat-1024x813.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/schemat-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/schemat-768x610.jpg 768w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/schemat-1536x1220.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/schemat.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04214aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04214aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db407 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5db407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\nElektrick\u00fd proud, jak ho zn\u00e1me, je v podstat\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd pohyb nosi\u010d\u016f elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje. Typ nosi\u010d\u016f se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it v z\u00e1vislosti na fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch vlastnostech prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m elektrick\u00fd proud te\u010de. Ve vodi\u010d\u00edch, nap\u0159. v kovech, jako je m\u011b\u010f nebo \u017eelezo, jsou nosi\u010di elektrony, v polovodi\u010d\u00edch elektrony a elektronov\u00e9 d\u00edry, v plynech ionty a elektrony a v kapalin\u00e1ch ionty. Elektrick\u00e1 a elektronick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s obklopuj\u00ed, jako jsou \u017e\u00e1rovky, zesilova\u010de zvuku, telefony, po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nebo pra\u010dky, ve skute\u010dnosti funguj\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b pohybu nosi\u010d\u016f elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje.   \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8367769 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8367769\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nap\u011bt\u00ed, proud a odpor v p\u0159ehledu\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22367e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22367e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\nK popisu jev\u016f v elektrick\u00fdch obvodech pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed veli\u010diny. Jsou to: \n<\/p>\n<ul>\n\n<li>nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8211; rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f mezi dv\u011bma body v obvodu;\n\n<li>proud &#8211; veli\u010dina, kter\u00e1 popisuje mno\u017estv\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edho vodi\u010dem za jednotku \u010dasu;\n\n<li>odpor &#8211; parametr vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z geometrie a rezistivity vodi\u010de, kter\u00fd ur\u010duje jeho tendenci tlumit pr\u016ftok elektrick\u00e9ho proudu.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV diskusi o t\u011bchto veli\u010din\u00e1ch budeme hovo\u0159it o pohybu nosi\u010d\u016f elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje. Aby v\u0161ak k pohybu elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje, tj. k toku elektrick\u00e9ho proudu, do\u0161lo, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt obvod uzav\u0159en. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8db7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8b8db7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed - tlak p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na nosi\u010de elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bbb06c7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bbb06c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a0733a\" data-id=\"5a0733a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-493a915 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"493a915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miernik-plyta.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Electronic components on engineering drawings\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg3ODgsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmN6XC9ibG9nXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wNFwvbWllcm5pay1wbHl0YS5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miernik-plyta-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-58788\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miernik-plyta-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miernik-plyta-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miernik-plyta-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miernik-plyta-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miernik-plyta.jpg 1999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-45e1123\" data-id=\"45e1123\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631cd01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"631cd01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed je rozd\u00edl elektrick\u00fdch potenci\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00fd vznik\u00e1 mezi dv\u011bma ur\u010dit\u00fdmi body v elektrick\u00e9m obvodu, a je v\u00fdsledkem pr\u00e1ce vykonan\u00e9 elektrick\u00fdm n\u00e1bojem. Nap\u011bt\u00ed i potenci\u00e1l jsou veli\u010diny m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 ve voltech &#8211; jednotka je pojmenov\u00e1na po italsk\u00e9m v\u011bdci Alessandru Voltovi, kter\u00fd se proslavil vyn\u00e1lezem prvn\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 baterie, takzvan\u00e9ho &#8220;Voltova kom\u00ednu&#8221;. Volt\u016fv z\u00e1sobn\u00edk. Pro popis nap\u011bt\u00ed, proudu a odporu ve vztahu k mechanice tekutin bude p\u0159\u00edstupnou analogi\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jev v jednoduch\u00e9 n\u00e1dob\u011b s vodou.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4207eb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4207eb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00e9 vody p\u0159edstavuje mno\u017estv\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje, hydrostatick\u00fd tlak p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na vodu p\u0159edstavuje nap\u011bt\u00ed a pr\u016ftok vody p\u0159edstavuje pr\u016ftok elektrick\u00e9ho proudu. Je-li n\u00e1dr\u017e s vodou s p\u0159ipojen\u00fdm potrub\u00edm zahnut\u00fdm do kolena v prav\u00e9m \u00fahlu um\u00edst\u011bna na rovnou plochu, tlak p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na kapalinu (vodu) zp\u016fsob\u00ed, \u017ee se jej\u00ed molekuly budou pohybovat z n\u00e1dr\u017ee do kolena. \u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je mno\u017estv\u00ed vody ulo\u017een\u00e9 v n\u00e1dr\u017ei, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je mno\u017estv\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje. N\u00e1dr\u017e na vodu si proto m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edstavit jako elektrickou baterii. Tlak na konci hadice m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat nap\u011bt\u00ed. Voda v n\u00e1dr\u017ei p\u0159edstavuje elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce vody je v n\u00e1dr\u017ei, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je n\u00e1boj, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je tlak nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na konci hadice. N\u00e1dr\u017e si m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edstavit jako baterii, ve kter\u00e9 uchov\u00e1v\u00e1me ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie a pot\u00e9 ji uvol\u0148ujeme. Pokud n\u00e1dr\u017e vypr\u00e1zdn\u00edme o ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed n\u00e1boje, tlak vytvo\u0159en\u00fd na konci hadice klesne. M\u016f\u017eeme si to p\u0159edstavit jako sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, podobn\u011b jako kdy\u017e se baterie vybije a baterka pohasne. Sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se tak\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 bude prot\u00e9kat hadic\u00ed. Men\u0161\u00ed tlak znamen\u00e1, \u017ee prot\u00e9k\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b vody, co\u017e vede k men\u0161\u00edmu proudu. Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 prot\u00e9k\u00e1 hadic\u00ed z n\u00e1dr\u017ee, si m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edstavit jako proud. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je tlak, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je proud a naopak.             <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6334cc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6334cc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proud<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3d8846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3d8846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U vody jsme m\u011b\u0159ili objem vody prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed hadic\u00ed po ur\u010ditou dobu. U elekt\u0159iny jsme m\u011b\u0159ili mno\u017estv\u00ed n\u00e1boje, kter\u00e9 proteklo obvodem za ur\u010ditou dobu. Proud se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed v amp\u00e9rech. Jeden amp\u00e9r je definov\u00e1n jako 6,241*10^18 elektron\u016f (1 coulomb) za sekundu, kter\u00e9 projdou bodem v obvodu. Proud se ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtu ozna\u010duje p\u00edsmenem &#8220;I&#8221;. Nyn\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee m\u00e1me dv\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 m\u00e1 hadici vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze dna. V obou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch je naprosto stejn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody, ale hadice v jedn\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ei je u\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hadice v druh\u00e9. Na konci ka\u017ed\u00e9 hadice nam\u011b\u0159\u00edme stejn\u00fd tlak, ale kdy\u017e za\u010dne voda t\u00e9ct, bude pr\u016ftok vody v n\u00e1dr\u017ei s u\u017e\u0161\u00ed hadic\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pr\u016ftok vody v n\u00e1dr\u017ei se \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed hadic\u00ed. Elektricky je proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed u\u017e\u0161\u00ed hadic\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed hadic\u00ed. Chceme-li, aby pr\u016ftok ob\u011bma hadicemi byl stejn\u00fd, mus\u00edme zv\u00fd\u0161it mno\u017estv\u00ed vody (n\u00e1pl\u0148) v n\u00e1dr\u017ei s u\u017e\u0161\u00ed hadic\u00ed. T\u00edm se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed tlak (nap\u011bt\u00ed) na konci u\u017e\u0161\u00ed hadice a n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed se protla\u010d\u00ed v\u00edce vody. Je to analogick\u00e9 tomu, jako kdy\u017e zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed zp\u016fsob\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed proudu. Nyn\u00ed vid\u00edte vztah mezi nap\u011bt\u00edm a proudem.            <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36379b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36379b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Odpor<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d69149 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d69149\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu je\u0161t\u011b t\u0159et\u00ed faktor: \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku hadice. V t\u00e9to analogii p\u0159edstavuje \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka hadice odpor. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee do na\u0161eho modelu mus\u00edme p\u0159idat dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dlen, a to pomoc\u00ed hydrostatick\u00e9 analogie: voda je n\u00e1boj (m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd v coulombech), tlak je nap\u011bt\u00ed (m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 ve voltech), pr\u016ftok je proud (m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd v amp\u00e9rech), \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka hadice je odpor (m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd v ohmech). Uva\u017eujme op\u011bt na\u0161e dv\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee na vodu, jednu s \u00fazkou a druhou se \u0161irokou trubkou. P\u0159i stejn\u00e9m tlaku se n\u00e1m do \u00fazk\u00e9 trubky nevejde tolik objemu jako do \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed. To je odpor. \u00dazk\u00e1 trubka &#8220;klade odpor&#8221; pr\u016ftoku vody, p\u0159esto\u017ee voda m\u00e1 stejn\u00fd tlak jako n\u00e1dr\u017e se \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed trubkou. Elektricky to p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed dva obvody se stejn\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm a r\u016fzn\u00fdmi odpory. Obvodem s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm odporem projde m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1boje, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee obvodem s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm odporem prot\u00e9k\u00e1 men\u0161\u00ed proud. T\u00edm se vrac\u00edme k definici odporu, kde jednotkou odporu je jeden ohm, jako elektrick\u00fd odpor, kter\u00fd existuje mezi dv\u011bma body ve vodi\u010di, kde p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed jednoho voltu zp\u016fsob\u00ed pr\u016ftok proudu jednoho amp\u00e9ru, neboli 6,241\u00d710^18 elektron\u016f.         <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3400de4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3400de4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc80098 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc80098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spojen\u00edm prvk\u016f nap\u011bt\u00ed, proudu a odporu vytvo\u0159il Georg Simon Ohm vzorec:<\/p>\n<p>Kde:<\/p>\n<p><em>U<\/em> &#8211; nap\u011bt\u00ed ve voltech;<\/p>\n<p><em>I<\/em> &#8211; proud v amp\u00e9rech;<\/p>\n<p><em>R<\/em> &#8211; odpor v ohmech.<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00fd vztah se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme nap\u0159\u00edklad, \u017ee m\u00e1me obvod s potenci\u00e1lem 1 V, proudem 1 A a odporem 1 \u03a9. Pomoc\u00ed Ohmova z\u00e1kona m\u016f\u017eeme doj\u00edt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee:  <\/p>\n<p><strong>1V = 1A * 1\u03a9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee m\u00e1me n\u00e1dr\u017e se \u0161irokou hadic\u00ed. Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody v n\u00e1dr\u017ei je definov\u00e1no jako jeden volt a &#8220;\u00fazkost&#8221; (odpor proti proud\u011bn\u00ed vody) hadice je definov\u00e1na jako jeden ohm. Pomoc\u00ed Ohmova z\u00e1kona tak z\u00edsk\u00e1me pr\u016ftok vody (proud) o velikosti jednoho amp\u00e9ru. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00e9to analogie se nyn\u00ed pod\u00edvejme na n\u00e1dr\u017e s \u00fazkou hadic\u00ed. Proto\u017ee je hadice u\u017e\u0161\u00ed, je jej\u00ed pr\u016ftokov\u00fd odpor vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Definujme tento odpor jako dva ohmy. Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody v n\u00e1dr\u017ei je stejn\u00e9 jako v druh\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ei, tak\u017ee pomoc\u00ed Ohmova z\u00e1kona je na\u0161e rovnice pro n\u00e1dr\u017e s \u00fazkou hadic\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:      <\/p>\n<p><strong>1V = ?A * 2\u03a9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Po transformaci (I=U\/R) z\u00edsk\u00e1me proud:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1V = 0,5A * 2\u03a9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V d\u016fsledku z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed dr\u00e1hy proud\u011bn\u00ed vody je tedy proud v n\u00e1dr\u017ei men\u0161\u00ed a odpor v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Nyn\u00ed vid\u00edme, \u017ee pokud zn\u00e1me dv\u011b hodnoty Ohmova z\u00e1kona, m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt t\u0159et\u00ed. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83db469 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83db469\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon v praxi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbb882a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbb882a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorovat i v praxi, a to na jednoduch\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch obvodech slo\u017een\u00fdch z n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo sou\u010d\u00e1stek! V tomto experimentu pou\u017eijeme 9voltovou <a href=\"\/195-baterie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">baterii<\/a> k nap\u00e1jen\u00ed <a href=\"\/870-diody-led\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">LED diody<\/a>.  LED diody jsou k\u0159ehk\u00e9 a m\u016f\u017ee jimi prot\u00e9kat jen omezen\u00fd proud, proto\u017ee hroz\u00ed vysok\u00e9 riziko jejich vyho\u0159en\u00ed. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed vodiv\u00fd proud LED je obvykle uveden v jej\u00ed dokumentaci. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-625634b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"625634b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9ec908\" data-id=\"c9ec908\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e09cb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e09cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K proveden\u00ed na\u0161eho experimentu budeme pot\u0159ebovat tyto prvky<\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\n<li style=\"font-size: 16px;\">9V baterie;<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Rezistor 560R;<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-size: 16px;\">LED DIODA;<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed multimetr<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee LED diody se nechovaj\u00ed stejn\u011b jako rezistory. Jsou to polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 prvky. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee rovnice pro proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed samotnou LED diodu nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e1 jako standardn\u00ed Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon, tj. U = I*R. LED dioda vn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do obvodu \u00fabytek nap\u011bt\u00ed, a t\u00edm m\u011bn\u00ed velikost proudu, kter\u00fd j\u00ed prot\u00e9k\u00e1.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb7bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb7bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">V tomto experimentu se v\u0161ak pouze sna\u017e\u00edme ochr\u00e1nit LED diodu p\u0159ed nadproudem, tak\u017ee nebudeme br\u00e1t ohled na proudovou charakteristiku LED diody a zvol\u00edme hodnotu rezistoru podle Ohmova z\u00e1kona tak, aby proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed LED diodou byl bezpe\u010dn\u00fd a nep\u0159ekro\u010dil 20 mA. V tomto p\u0159\u00edkladu m\u00e1me 9V baterii a \u010dervenou LED diodu s proudovou hodnotou 20 mA. Z bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f nenap\u00e1j\u00edme LED diodu maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm proudem, ale jej\u00edm doporu\u010den\u00fdm proudem, kter\u00fd je v aplika\u010dn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mce uveden jako p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 mA. 18 mA. Pokud LED diodu p\u0159ipoj\u00edme p\u0159\u00edmo k baterii, budou hodnoty proudu pro Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon vypadat takto:    <\/span><\/p>\n<p>U = I * R<\/p>\n<p>Proto:<\/p>\n<p>I = U \/ R<\/p>\n<p>Pokud v obvodu nem\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd odpor, pak:<\/p>\n<p>I = 9 V \/ 0 R<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">D\u011blen\u00edm nulou z\u00edsk\u00e1me nekone\u010dn\u00fd proud! V praxi nedostaneme nekone\u010dn\u00fd, ale takov\u00fd proud, jak\u00fd je schopna dodat baterie. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee LED diodou m\u016f\u017ee prot\u00e9kat velmi velk\u00fd proud, kter\u00fd ji zcela jist\u011b po\u0161kod\u00ed. Proto\u017ee nechceme, aby na\u0161\u00ed LED diodou prot\u00e9kal tak velk\u00fd proud, budeme pot\u0159ebovat rezistor. K ur\u010den\u00ed hodnoty odporu rezistoru m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m poskytne po\u017eadovanou hodnotu proudu:    <\/span><\/p>\n<p>R = U * I<\/p>\n<p>Dosazen\u00edm hodnot do vzorce:<\/p>\n<p>R = 9 V * 0,018 A<\/p>\n<p>Vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e1 rezistence je:<\/p>\n<p>R = 500 R<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-492d82b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"492d82b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pot\u0159ebujeme tedy rezistor o velikosti p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b. 500 R, aby proud proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed LED diodou byl ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed jmenovit\u00fd proud. Hodnota 500 R nen\u00ed u standardn\u00edch rezistor\u016f b\u011b\u017en\u00e1, proto m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt rezistor o odporu 560 ohm\u016f. Pou\u017eit\u00ed rezistoru s nepatrn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm odporem, ne\u017e je po\u017eadov\u00e1no, m\u016f\u017ee nav\u00edc m\u00edrn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit jas sv\u011btla LED diody, ale rozhodn\u011b ji nepo\u0161kod\u00ed. Pokud chcete p\u0159esnost, m\u016f\u017eete rezistor nahradit potenciometrem.    \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c06258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c06258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 veli\u010diny prizmatem hydrostatiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-914476a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"914476a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uk\u00e1zka z\u00e1kladn\u00edch veli\u010din pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v elektronice formou analogie s hydrostatikou v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku m\u00e1 pomoci pochopit, jak proud te\u010de v elektrick\u00fdch obvodech. Jedn\u00edm z nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak toho dos\u00e1hnout, je ilustrovat mechanismy proud\u011bn\u00ed kapalin, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed pouh\u00fdm okem sledovat, jak kapaliny proud\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na geometrick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch n\u00e1dob. Pomoc\u00ed takov\u00e9 analogie je mo\u017en\u00e9 pod lupou uk\u00e1zat, jak te\u010de proud v elektrick\u00fdch obvodech, a demonstrovat Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon. \u010cl\u00e1nek v\u0161ak nevy\u010derp\u00e1v\u00e1 problematiku elekt\u0159iny a m\u011bl by b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1n pouze za orienta\u010dn\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obvod\u016f st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu, kter\u00e9 mohou nav\u00edc obsahovat reaktan\u010dn\u00ed (tj. induk\u010dn\u00ed a kapacitn\u00ed) prvky, je mechanismus toku proudu a rozd\u011blen\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed propracovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vy\u017eadoval by rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed ne\u017e analogie s mechanismy proud\u011bn\u00ed tekutin.    \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd elektronick\u00fd obvod a sou\u010d\u00e1stky, kter\u00e9 ho tvo\u0159\u00ed, popisuj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed veli\u010diny, kter\u00e9 lze m\u011b\u0159it a vypo\u010d\u00edtat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":63127,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Z\u00e1klady elektroniky - proud, odpor, nap\u011bt\u00ed, nap\u00e1jen\u00ed - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nav\u0161tivte blog Botland a p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si \u010dl\u00e1nek, ve kter\u00e9m se zab\u00fdv\u00e1me z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi veli\u010dinami pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi v elektronice!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/podstawy-elektroniki-prad-opor-napiecie-zasilanie-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Z\u00e1klady elektroniky - proud, odpor, nap\u011bt\u00ed, nap\u00e1jen\u00ed - Botland\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nav\u0161tivte blog Botland a p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si \u010dl\u00e1nek, ve kter\u00e9m se zab\u00fdv\u00e1me z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi veli\u010dinami pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi v elektronice!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/podstawy-elektroniki-prad-opor-napiecie-zasilanie-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Botland\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/Botland\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-04-04T04:21:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-07-20T13:49:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new2023-podstawyelekroniki2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1510\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"755\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mateusz Mr\u00f3z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napsal(a)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mateusz Mr\u00f3z\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Odhadovan\u00e1 doba \u010dten\u00ed\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minut\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/botland.cz\\\/blog\\\/podstawy-elektroniki-prad-opor-napiecie-zasilanie-2\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/botland.cz\\\/blog\\\/podstawy-elektroniki-prad-opor-napiecie-zasilanie-2\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mateusz Mr\u00f3z\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/botland.com.pl\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/774dbd37e308d5fb229ec7f3b8898559\"},\"headline\":\"Z\u00e1klady elektroniky &#8211; 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