{"id":66920,"date":"2023-03-01T08:21:47","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T07:21:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/uklad-scalony-co-to-jest-i-jak-dziala\/"},"modified":"2023-08-01T15:42:02","modified_gmt":"2023-08-01T13:42:02","slug":"integrovany-obvod-co-je-to-a-jak-funguje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/integrovany-obvod-co-je-to-a-jak-funguje\/","title":{"rendered":"Integrovan\u00fd obvod &#8211; co je to a jak funguje?"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 5<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"66920\" class=\"elementor elementor-66920 elementor-35636\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d4b6ecd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d4b6ecd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f888ba5\" data-id=\"3f888ba5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15c0005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15c0005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Existuje jich n\u011bkolik set typ\u016f a najdete je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ude &#8211; seznamte se s integrovan\u00fdmi obvody!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c1940b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c1940b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Integrovan\u00e9 obvody v\u0161ude kolem n\u00e1s<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c44ba99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c44ba99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek obsahuje historii a p\u0159ehled konstrukce a n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v modern\u00ed elektronice.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2203257 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2203257\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Na za\u010d\u00e1tku byl tranzistor<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae63dbd elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae63dbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f479626\" data-id=\"f479626\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4be86b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4be86b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ne\u017e sv\u011bt elektroniky ovl\u00e1dl k\u0159em\u00edk, vl\u00e1dla mu vakuov\u00e1 elektronika, tedy elektronkov\u00e9 lampy. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 elektronka se vyr\u00e1b\u011bla ru\u010dn\u011b, co\u017e vy\u017eadovalo velkou pe\u010dlivost. Pr\u016flom nastal koncem roku 1947 v Murray Hill v New Jersey v USA &#8211; t\u00fdm konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f z Bellov\u00fdch telefonn\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00ed ve slo\u017een\u00ed William Shockley, John Bardeen a Walter Brattain vytvo\u0159il prototyp polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na b\u00e1zi germania, lopatkov\u00fd tranzistor. Ten byl o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji nahrazen p\u0159echodov\u00fdm (bipol\u00e1rn\u00edm) tranzistorem, kter\u00fd vyvinul Shockley. Tv\u016frce <a href=\"\/24-tranzystory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">tranzistoru<\/a> byl v roce 1956 ocen\u011bn Nobelovou cenou.      Tento mal\u00fd prvek zp\u016fsobil skute\u010dnou revoluci ve sv\u011btov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu &#8211; pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronek na technologick\u00fdch link\u00e1ch se stalo histori\u00ed. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4024e18\" data-id=\"4024e18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e9e853 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e9e853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Replica-of-first-transistor\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg2OTEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmN6XC9ibG9nXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvUmVwbGljYS1vZi1maXJzdC10cmFuc2lzdG9yLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-58691\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg 500w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Replica-of-first-transistor-300x269.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Auto\u0159i Federal employee - https:\/\/clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov\/Initiatives\/Millennium\/capsule\/mayo.html, Domena publiczna, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=554340<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-678d13f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"678d13f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od sv\u00fdch vakuov\u00fdch prot\u011bj\u0161k\u016f spot\u0159ebov\u00e1valy tranzistory mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b energie. V roce 1955 William Shockley opustil Bell Telephone Laboratories a p\u0159e\u0161el na Stanfordovu univerzitu v kalifornsk\u00e9m Stanfordu. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdci z t\u00e9to univerzity pod veden\u00edm Shockleyho jsou posl\u00e1ni do pr\u016fmyslu &#8211; rod\u00ed se Silicon Valley. Pr\u00e1ce na bipol\u00e1rn\u00edm tranzistoru pokra\u010duj\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel tranzistor na b\u00e1zi germania m\u011bl v\u00e1\u017enou nev\u00fdhodu &#8211; p\u0159i teplot\u00e1ch v \u0159\u00e1du \u010daje ve sklenici p\u0159est\u00e1val fungovat, a jak zn\u00e1mo, na v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 front\u011b i ve vesm\u00edru, kde se elektronika tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, sah\u00e1 teplotn\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1la nesrovnateln\u011b d\u00e1l. Elektroniku tedy ovl\u00e1dl k\u0159em\u00edk, chemick\u00fd prvek s mnohem lep\u0161\u00edmi teplotn\u00edmi vlastnostmi ne\u017e germanium.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f61b63e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f61b63e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Zr\u00e1dn\u00e1 osmi\u010dka a prvn\u00ed integrovan\u00fd obvod<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b512a3 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b512a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f640dad\" data-id=\"f640dad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfa93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6ddfa93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Kilby_solid_circuit\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTg2OTIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmN6XC9ibG9nXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvS2lsYnlfc29saWRfY2lyY3VpdC5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"257\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-58692\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg 387w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Kilby_solid_circuit-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">By http:\/\/www.ti.com\/corp\/graphics\/press\/image\/on_line\/co1034.jpg, Fair use, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=19287598<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b2baad\" data-id=\"3b2baad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4a267b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4a267b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O dva roky pozd\u011bji, v roce 1957, Shockleyho pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed Stanford (tzv. zr\u00e1dn\u00e1 osmi\u010dka) a st\u011bhuj\u00ed se do San Jose v Kalifornii, kde zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed spole\u010dnost Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. Jedn\u00edm ze spoluzakladatel\u016f t\u00e9to spole\u010dnosti byl Robert Noyce. Pr\u00e1v\u011b jemu je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1na my\u0161lenka zkonstruovat n\u011bkolik tranzistor\u016f, ale spojen\u00fdch dohromady v jednom pouzd\u0159e &#8211; v roce 1959 tak vznikl prvn\u00ed <a href=\"\/21-uklady-scalone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">integrovan\u00fd obvod<\/a> zalo\u017een\u00fd na bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch tranzistorech.   Sou\u010dasn\u011b Jack Kilby, kter\u00fd pracoval jako konstrukt\u00e9r ve spole\u010dnosti Texas Instruments, vyvinul integrovan\u00fd obvod na b\u00e1zi germaniov\u00fdch tranzistor\u016f, kter\u00fd se stal p\u0159edm\u011btem patentov\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho sporu. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea14575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea14575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Noyce i Jack Kilby jsou proto nyn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ni jako vyn\u00e1lezci prvn\u00edch integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f. V roce 1959 tak\u00e9 Mohamed Atalla a Dawon Kahng, tehdej\u0161\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci Bell Telephone Laboratories, vyvinuli tranzistor MOSFET, kter\u00fd je dodnes z\u00e1kladn\u00edm stavebn\u00edm kamenem integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b rodiny po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch procesor\u016f x86, v jejich\u017e \u010dele stoj\u00ed spole\u010dnost Intel, kterou spoluzalo\u017eil v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Robert Noyce.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24d3863 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24d3863\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">\u010cistota je z\u00e1klad!<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f714a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6f714a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f je velmi slo\u017eit\u00fd a vy\u017eaduje p\u0159esnost na v\u00edce ne\u017e chirurgick\u00e9 \u00farovni. Krom\u011b toho jsou m\u00edstnosti, kde v\u00fdroba prob\u00edh\u00e1, nej\u010dist\u0161\u00edmi m\u00edstnostmi na sv\u011bt\u011b &#8211; dokonce i ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s opera\u010dn\u00edmi s\u00e1ly nejlep\u0161\u00edch nemocnic. Nejmen\u0161\u00ed sm\u00edtko prachu je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edtelem polovodi\u010d\u016f. P\u0159\u00edtomnost prachu ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edch m\u00edstnostech by mohla zastavit v\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces na n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, co\u017e by zp\u016fsobilo obludn\u011b vysok\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu jsou pracovn\u00edci v tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch na v\u00fdrobu \u010dip\u016f oble\u010deni do vhodn\u00fdch oblek\u016f a v\u00fdrobn\u00ed prostory jsou odd\u011bleny speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi z\u00e1mky, kde se kontroluje p\u0159\u00edtomnost prachu a odstra\u0148uje se z oblek\u016f pracovn\u00edk\u016f.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21dd4a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21dd4a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Propojen\u00ed uvnit\u0159 integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdff060 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdff060\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, v\u00fdroba integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v nanesen\u00ed elektricky izolovan\u00fdch odporov\u00fdch vodiv\u00fdch vrstev na spole\u010dnou desku z dielektrick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Tyto vrstvy tvo\u0159\u00ed tranzistory vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00e9 v kovov\u00e9 s\u00edti. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 propojen\u00ed mezi polovodi\u010dov\u00fdmi vrstvami jsou podle n\u00e1vrhu vyvedena mimo pouzdro integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u011bkolika desetilet\u00ed lze pozorovat, \u017ee po\u010det tranzistor\u016f, kter\u00e9 se poda\u0159ilo vt\u011bsnat do jednoho pouzdra, line\u00e1rn\u011b nar\u016fstal &#8211; to plat\u00ed zejm\u00e9na pro mikroprocesorov\u00e9 \u010dipy, kde prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed procesor Intel 4004 (1971) obsahoval 2 300 tranzistor\u016f, zat\u00edmco dne\u0161n\u00ed procesory se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z des\u00edtek miliard tranzistor\u016f.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a79318 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a79318\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Integrovan\u00e9 obvody - od n\u00e1vrhu po hotov\u00fd v\u00fdrobek<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe7dab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe7dab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1vrh integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, kde se struktura propojen\u00ed v integrovan\u00e9m obvodu vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho softwaru. Propojovac\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b navrhuje ve zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dosahuje desetitis\u00edcin\u00e1sobku nebo milionin\u00e1sobku skute\u010dn\u00e9 velikosti. Po n\u00e1vrhu se struktura viditeln\u00e1 ve zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed na obrazovce po\u010d\u00edta\u010de zmen\u0161\u00ed na c\u00edlovou velikost, z n\u00ed\u017e se vytvo\u0159\u00ed fotografie sou\u010d\u00e1stky. V\u0161echny dr\u00e1hy matrice se kresl\u00ed dvakr\u00e1t pomoc\u00ed robotick\u00e9ho stroje na kreslen\u00ed drah, aby se eliminovalo riziko v\u00fdrobn\u00ed chyby. Takto vytvo\u0159en\u00fd vzor umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvo\u0159it skute\u010dnou strukturu na povrchu k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 desky pomoc\u00ed procesu fotolitografie, kter\u00fd spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee se k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e1 deska vykoupe ve fotografick\u00e9 emulzi a odra\u017een\u00fd obraz se pak vytvrd\u00ed v siln\u00e9m ultrafialov\u00e9m sv\u011btle. V dal\u0161\u00edm kroku se k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 pl\u00e1ty pono\u0159\u00ed do roztoku, ve kter\u00e9m se odstran\u00ed vrstva k\u0159em\u00edku, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed pokryta p\u0159edlohou. Po odstran\u011bn\u00ed roztoku se vytvo\u0159\u00ed c\u00edlov\u00fd vzor tranzistorov\u00e9 struktury a propojen\u00ed mezi nimi. Pot\u00e9 se vytvo\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 vrstvy, kter\u00e9 se spoj\u00ed a dopuj\u00ed. V dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi se nanese izola\u010dn\u00ed vrstva a vypln\u00ed se tekutou m\u011bd\u00ed. V t\u00e9to podob\u011b je integrovan\u00fd obvod p\u0159ipraven k p\u0159esn\u00e9mu \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed, uzemn\u011bn\u00ed a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed do pouzdra.         <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-164dabb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"164dabb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Kryty integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe25f02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe25f02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Existuje mnoho typ\u016f kryt\u016f pro integrovan\u00e9 obvody. \u00da\u010delem krytu je chr\u00e1nit a udr\u017eovat vnit\u0159n\u00ed strukturu integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu. D\u00edky zapouzd\u0159en\u00ed integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu m\u016f\u017eeme bezpe\u010dn\u011b uchopit integrovan\u00fd obvod prsty nebo speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi chapadly bez obav z jeho po\u0161kozen\u00ed, i kdy\u017e je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t v \u00favahu ochranu proti elektrostatick\u00e9mu v\u00fdboji (ESD), zejm\u00e9na u \u010dip\u016f CMOS, kter\u00e9 jsou v tomto ohledu citliv\u00e9. Kryt rovn\u011b\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje odvod tepla &#8211; a to i p\u0159i p\u00e1jen\u00ed integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu na desku plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Integrovan\u00e9 obvody jsou k dispozici jak v pouzdrech pro pr\u016fchoz\u00ed tranzistory (THT), nap\u0159. DIL14 (dvou\u0159ad\u00e9 pouzdro, sedm vodi\u010d\u016f na \u0159adu) nebo SIL8 (jedno\u0159ad\u00e9 pouzdro, osm vodi\u010d\u016f na \u0159adu), tak v pouzdrech pro povrchovou mont\u00e1\u017e (SMD), nap\u0159. SO8 nebo TSSOP24. Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 obvody, nap\u0159. 32bitov\u00e9 mikrokontrol\u00e9ry a mikroprocesory, mohou b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny ve \u010dtvercov\u00fdch pouzdrech s v\u00fdvody na ka\u017ed\u00e9 stran\u011b, nap\u0159. TQFP64 nebo QFN16 &#8211; druh\u00fd typ je charakteristick\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00fdvody jsou um\u00edst\u011bny na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b krytu. Velmi \u010dasto se jeden typ integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu vyr\u00e1b\u00ed v n\u011bkolika typech kryt\u016f, tak\u017ee si m\u016f\u017eeme vybrat sou\u010d\u00e1stku, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1, podle rozm\u011br\u016f desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f na\u0161eho elektronick\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Z d\u016fvodu \u00faspory m\u00edsta a slo\u017eitosti se \u010dasto vol\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 obvody v proveden\u00ed SMD, jejich\u017e rozm\u011bry jsou mnohem men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u jejich prot\u011bj\u0161k\u016f v proveden\u00ed THT. P\u0159esto maj\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 obvody v proveden\u00ed SMD d\u016fle\u017eitou praktickou v\u00fdhodu z hlediska prototypov\u00e1n\u00ed a testov\u00e1n\u00ed &#8211; lze je snadno um\u00edstit do patic kontaktn\u00ed desky. Na druhou stranu, pokud je n\u00e1\u0161 projekt elektronick\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyroben v\u00fdhradn\u011b v technologii THT a integrovan\u00fd obvod pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro n\u00e1\u0161 projekt je k dispozici pouze v proveden\u00ed SMD, m\u016f\u017eeme si zakoupit speci\u00e1ln\u00ed adapt\u00e9r, tj. desku plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f, na kterou p\u0159ip\u00e1j\u00edme \u010dip SMD &#8211; jeho v\u00fdvody se p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k p\u00e1jec\u00edm o\u010dk\u016fm pro p\u00e1jen\u00ed goldpinem.             <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70ee085 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70ee085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Identifikace integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97bad06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97bad06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na krytu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu je vyti\u0161t\u011bn speci\u00e1ln\u00ed identifika\u010dn\u00ed k\u00f3d. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto k\u00f3du m\u016f\u017eeme vyhledat na internetu dokumentaci k integrovan\u00e9mu obvodu, kter\u00fd n\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1. Mnoho typ\u016f integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed rodiny, do kter\u00fdch se \u0159ad\u00ed podle z\u00e1kladn\u00edho k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad CD4011 nebo CD4051 jsou logick\u00e9 \u010dipy CMOS, zat\u00edmco SN74HC595 je logick\u00fd \u010dip TTL. Krom\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kodifikace m\u016f\u017eeme na pouzdru IC vid\u011bt tak\u00e9 k\u00f3d ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo v\u00fdrobn\u00ed \u0161ar\u017ee a logo v\u00fdrobce. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed v\u00fdvod\u016f &#8211; obvykle vid\u00edme vyrytou te\u010dku u v\u00fdvodu 1 nebo z\u00e1\u0159ez v pouzd\u0159e, na jeho\u017e lev\u00e9 stran\u011b (p\u0159i pohledu shora) byl um\u00edst\u011bn prvn\u00ed v\u00fdvod. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdrobci elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v z\u00e1jmu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed ochrany sv\u00e9ho du\u0161evn\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b rozmaz\u00e1vaj\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed na pouzd\u0159e integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu, aby opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 subjekty m\u011bly probl\u00e9my s reprodukc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4eb5e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d4eb5e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h2 style=\"white-space: normal\">Typy integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dd6f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dd6f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Od vyn\u00e1lezu prvn\u00edho integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu na konci 50. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed byly vytvo\u0159eny stovky typ\u016f integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 technologi\u00ed v\u00fdroby a kone\u010dn\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm. N\u011bkter\u00e9 typy integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f jsou natolik univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u017ee pro\u0161ly ur\u010ditou standardizac\u00ed, nap\u0159. pokud jde o v\u00fdvody odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za nap\u00e1jen\u00ed obvodu. S ohledem na typ zpracov\u00e1van\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme rozli\u0161ovat:    <\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\n<li style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Analogov\u00e9 integrovan\u00e9 obvody<\/span> &#8211; tyto obvody pracuj\u00ed s proudov\u00fdmi a nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdmi sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 se v \u010dase spojit\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed. Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm typem analogov\u00e9ho integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu je opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d, nap\u0159\u00edklad <a href=\"\/wzmacniacze-operacyjne\/9880-wzmacniacz-operacyjny-lm358pn-5-szt-5904422309374.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">LM358<\/a>, TL072 nebo <a href=\"\/wzmacniacze-operacyjne\/6100-wzmacniacz-operacyjny-ne5532-5-szt-5904422309381.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">NE5532<\/a>.  Na z\u00e1klad\u011b takov\u00e9ho zesilova\u010de m\u016f\u017eeme postavit mimo jin\u00e9 zvukov\u00fd p\u0159edzesilova\u010d, aktivn\u00ed dolnopropustn\u00fd filtr a m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje. <\/li>\n<li style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 obvody<\/span> &#8211; do t\u00e9to skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed elektronick\u00e9 obvody, kter\u00e9 pracuj\u00ed s diskr\u00e9tn\u00edmi sign\u00e1ly, tj. sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 se v \u010dasov\u00e9 oblasti m\u011bn\u00ed skokov\u011b nebo pulzn\u011b, a nap\u011bt\u00ed, s nimi\u017e pracuj\u00ed, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed logick\u00e9 stavy &#8211; n\u00edzk\u00fd a vysok\u00fd a u n\u011bkter\u00fdch obvod\u016f nav\u00edc stav vysok\u00e9 impedance (Hi-Z). P\u0159\u00edkladem digit\u00e1ln\u00edch obvod\u016f jsou logick\u00e1 hradla, klopn\u00e9 obvody, \u010d\u00edta\u010de, mikrokontrol\u00e9ry, mikroprocesory a FPGA.  <\/li>\n<li style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 integrovan\u00e9 obvody<\/span> &#8211; jedn\u00e1 se o integrovan\u00e9 obvody, kter\u00e9 jsou kombinac\u00ed analogov\u00fdch a digit\u00e1ln\u00edch obvod\u016f. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b analogov\u011b-digit\u00e1ln\u00ed a digit\u00e1ln\u011b-analogov\u00e9 p\u0159evodn\u00edky, stejn\u011b jako gener\u00e1tory DCO, zvukov\u00e9 procesory nebo f\u00e1zov\u00e9 synchroniza\u010dn\u00ed smy\u010dky (PLL).  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek obsahuje historii a p\u0159ehled konstrukce a n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v modern\u00ed elektronice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":63413,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Integrovan\u00fd obvod - co je to a jak funguje? 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