{"id":67101,"date":"2023-02-03T06:09:13","date_gmt":"2023-02-03T05:09:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/ai-do-wykrywania-raka-piersi\/"},"modified":"2023-08-08T13:58:39","modified_gmt":"2023-08-08T11:58:39","slug":"ai-pro-odhalovani-rakoviny-prsu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/ai-pro-odhalovani-rakoviny-prsu\/","title":{"rendered":"AI pro odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed rakoviny prsu"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 4<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Algoritmy um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence pro interpretaci mamogram\u016f maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l zv\u00fd\u0161it \u00fa\u010dinnost program\u016f screeningu rakoviny prsu, pokud dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed odhalit n\u00e1dory. V\u00fdzkum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence m\u00e1 srovnatelnou nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost ne\u017e radiologov\u00e9 a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 “obohacen\u00e9” soubory dat. Pr\u00e1ce a v\u00fdzkum americk\u00e9ho MIT pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nikdy nep\u0159estanou udivovat. Kdy\u017e se profesorka Regina Barzilayov\u00e1 z Bostonsk\u00e9 univerzity vr\u00e1tila do pr\u00e1ce po operaci rakoviny prsu, napadla ji ne\u010dekan\u00e1 my\u0161lenka. Odborn\u00edk na um\u011blou inteligenci se l\u00e9ta v\u011bnoval nejen v\u00fdzkumu oboru um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho jazyka, kter\u00fd aplikuje algoritmy na textov\u00e1 data. Nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jsou jej\u00ed osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti. B\u011bhem dlouh\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010dby v Massachusetts General Hospital podstoupila Barzilayov\u00e1 chemoterapii a dal\u0161\u00ed onkologickou l\u00e9\u010dbu. Byla si dob\u0159e v\u011bdoma vedlej\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f. Po sv\u00e9m v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad rakovinou si rychle uv\u011bdomila, \u017ee chce sv\u00e9 schopnosti vyu\u017e\u00edt k p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed rizika rakoviny – rozhodla se tedy zm\u011bnit zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Modern\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dba rakoviny prsu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nejsme l\u00e9ka\u0159i, ale v\u00edme, \u017ee jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nej\u010dast\u011bji diskutovan\u00fdch aspekt\u016f medic\u00edny je hodnocen\u00ed rizika onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. K tomu nepot\u0159ebujete m\u00edt vystudovanou medic\u00ednu, ale \u0159ekn\u011bme si na rovinu, \u017ee spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 diagnostika v praxi je opravdu slo\u017eit\u00e1 v\u011bc. Jak to vypad\u00e1 u rakoviny prsu? D\u00edky spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm model\u016fm mohou diagnostici u\u010dinit rychl\u00fd krok sm\u011brem k personalizovan\u00fdm screeningov\u00fdm strategi\u00edm. Metody v\u010dasn\u00e9ho odhalen\u00ed vedou k \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mo\u017enostem onkologick\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010dby. Zde hraje slibnou roli mamografie s Al<\/a> (um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed). S pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm exponenci\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1r\u016fstem v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed efektivity zvy\u0161uje revoluce um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm hlubok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed (deep learning), u\u017eite\u010dnost zobrazovac\u00edch studi\u00ed v prediktivn\u00edch modelech prakticky p\u0159ed na\u0161ima o\u010dima. D\u00edky tomu se zobrazovac\u00ed data zalo\u017een\u00e1 na um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci stala jedn\u00edm z nejslibn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro p\u0159esn\u00fd screening rakoviny prsu. Jak to vypad\u00e1 v praxi?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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AI MIT Mirai - brilantn\u00ed diagnostik<\/h2><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V\u00fdrazn\u00fd obrat zaznamenal v roce 2021 den\u00edk Washington Post. Tehdy se psalo, \u017ee profesorka Barzilayov\u00e1 a jej\u00ed studenti p\u0159edstavili um\u011blou inteligenci, kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1\u017ee s neb\u00fdvalou p\u0159esnost\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt, zda se u zdrav\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka objev\u00ed rakovina prsu. Jedn\u00e1 se o inovaci, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zm\u011bnit zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm o t\u00e9to nemoci p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edme. \u010cl\u00e1nek o nov\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch vy\u0161el v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9m \u010dasopise Journal of Clinical Oncology v listopadu t\u00e9ho\u017e roku. AI Mirai se m\u00e1 st\u00e1t n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd bude v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch p\u011bti letech vyd\u00e1vat pacient\u016fm hodnocen\u00ed rizik a d\u00e1 jim mo\u017enost rozhodovat se o zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di, o kter\u00e9 se d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm generac\u00edm mohlo jen zd\u00e1t. Probl\u00e9mem um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence je, \u017ee ani sami konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i pln\u011b nech\u00e1pou, jak funguje.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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A. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed mamografie (DM)<\/em>
B. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed tomosynt\u00e9za prsu (DBT) u 66let\u00e9 \u017eeny. Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence (AI) identifikovala na sn\u00edmc\u00edch z\u00edskan\u00fdch ob\u011bma technikami b\u011bhem screeningu hrotnatou hmotu (ozna\u010denou). <\/em>
C. Sn\u00edmek DM po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd o 4 m\u011bs\u00edce pozd\u011bji, po zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hmatn\u00e9 uzliny (nesouvisej\u00edc\u00ed s rakovinou). Byla provedena biopsie a diagnostikov\u00e1n rakovinom ve stadiu II o velikosti 6 mm. V\u00fdsledek zkou\u0161ky AI byl v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 10 bod\u016f.<\/em>
Zdroj: https:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/full\/10.1148\/radiol.2021203555<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jsou si prost\u011b jist\u00ed, \u017ee je to tak. Tato skute\u010dnost vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoho soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a mor\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fsledk\u016f, a to koneckonc\u016f hovo\u0159\u00edme o medic\u00edn\u011b. Zda na to zdravotnick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a poji\u0161\u0165ovny v\u016fbec p\u0159istoup\u00ed, je zcela jin\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. Pod\u00edvejme se v\u0161ak na dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Riziko rakoviny prsu a diagnostika pomoc\u00ed anal\u00fdzy um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Podle den\u00edku Washington Post lze anal\u00fdzou souboru slo\u017eit\u00fdch pixel\u016f na mamografu a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm porovn\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f s jin\u00fdmi, star\u0161\u00edmi mamografy p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f rakoviny prsu a\u017e p\u011bt let p\u0159ed jejich v\u00fdskytem. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee Hippokratova my\u0161lenka “prevence je lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e l\u00e9\u010dba” se napl\u0148uje d\u00edky kombinaci technologi\u00ed a zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de, kter\u00e1 by mohla zm\u011bnit \u017eivoty milion\u016f \u017een a n\u011bkter\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f – ano, i oni jsou ohro\u017eeni touto nemoc\u00ed – ani\u017e by bylo nutn\u00e9 je l\u00e9\u010dit.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Prevence je lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e l\u00e9\u010dba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nesna\u017e\u00edme se pochopit obavy z budoucnosti, \u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed posuzuj\u00ed rizika, a m\u011bs\u00edce vysiluj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby. I v \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech mohou fyzick\u00e9 a psychick\u00e9 vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky – spolu s ochromuj\u00edc\u00edm strachem z n\u00e1vratu nemoci – trvat roky. Barzilay poznamenala, \u017ee po celou dobu se pacient\u016fm vrac\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, jak n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee na\u0161e vlastn\u00ed t\u011blo zradit, ani\u017e by n\u00e1m dalo sebemen\u0161\u00ed varovn\u00fd sign\u00e1l. Za\u010dn\u011bme posouzen\u00edm rizika rakoviny prsu. D\u00edky spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm model\u016fm mohou diagnostici u\u010dinit d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd krok k personalizovan\u00fdm screeningov\u00fdm strategi\u00edm. Tyto metody vedou k \u010dasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu odhalen\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b k \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mo\u017enostem l\u00e9\u010dby. D\u016fle\u017eitou roli zde hraje mamografie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed um\u011blou inteligenci. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed efektivita se exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b zvy\u0161uje, revoluce v oblasti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence<\/a> (AI), kter\u00e1 je poh\u00e1n\u011bna zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm hlubok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dnost zobrazovac\u00edch studi\u00ed v prediktivn\u00edch modelech. D\u00edky tomu se zobrazovac\u00ed data zalo\u017een\u00e1 na um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci stala jedn\u00edm z nejslibn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro p\u0159esn\u00fd screening.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jak to funguje?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se nej\u010dast\u011bji pokou\u0161el poslouchat, byl n\u00e1stroj Tyrer-Cuzick. Jedn\u00e1 se o statistick\u00fd model, kter\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje zadat seznam z\u00e1kladn\u00edch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, jako je v\u011bk a rodinn\u00e1 anamn\u00e9za. Obvykle p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 rakovinu prsu pouze u 20-25 % lid\u00ed, u kter\u00fdch bude diagnostikov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z MIT zvolili jinou strategii. T\u00fdm shrom\u00e1\u017edil v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 000 mamogram\u016f lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli nebo nem\u011bli rakovinu. P\u0159edstavili je Mirai k tr\u00e9nov\u00e1n\u00ed algoritmu. Mirai pe\u010dliv\u011b a pe\u010dliv\u011b skenovala mamogramy, aby na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u0161ech analyzovan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f sestavila progn\u00f3zu. Jak se to nau\u010dil? No, trochu jako domestikovan\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e – nau\u010dilo se skute\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek a bylo “potrest\u00e1no” nebo “odm\u011bn\u011bno” matematickou \u00fapravou modelu podle odchylky od reality. Na mamografick\u00fdch pracovi\u0161t\u00edch se rychle nau\u010dil, co d\u011blat a ned\u011blat v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b budouc\u00ed rakoviny prsu.<\/p>\n

Po za\u0161kolen\u00ed Mirai shrom\u00e1\u017edili \u010dlenov\u00e9 t\u00fdmu 129 000 mamogram\u016f proveden\u00fdch v letech 2008-2016, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly 62 000 pacientek v sedmi nemocnic\u00edch na p\u011bti m\u00edstech – ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku, Izraeli, Tchaj-wanu, Braz\u00edlii a USA. Pot\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1dali um\u011blou inteligenci o progn\u00f3zu. Cokoli nad kombinovan\u00fdm p\u011btilet\u00fdm rizikov\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem 2,5 % bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za vysok\u00e9. AI automaticky doporu\u010dila dal\u0161\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, jako je biopsie a magnetick\u00e1 rezonance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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L\u00e9\u010dba rakoviny prsu a nad\u011bje onkologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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T\u00fdm zaj\u00edmalo, jak dob\u0159e dok\u00e1\u017ee Mirai p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt, kter\u00fd mamogram pat\u0159\u00ed n\u011bkomu, kdo b\u011bhem p\u011bti let onemocn\u011bl rakovinou. Stroj odpov\u00eddal spr\u00e1vn\u011b v pr\u016fm\u011bru v 76 p\u0159\u00edpadech ze 100. Tyrer-Cuzick si vedl o 22 % h\u016f\u0159e. Tento rozd\u00edl znamen\u00e1 miliony lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivot\u016f. Studii financovala Nadace pro v\u00fdzkum rakoviny prsu, Jameelova klinika MIT a britsk\u00e1 neziskov\u00e1 organizace Wellcome Trust. Na ot\u00e1zku, zda p\u016fjde o technologii s otev\u0159en\u00fdm zdrojov\u00fdm k\u00f3dem, kter\u00e1 bude dostupn\u00e1 v\u0161em, profesorka odpov\u011bd\u011bla, \u017ee ano a \u017ee o tom nikdy nepochybovala.<\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee od archim\u00e9dovsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdk\u0159iku “Heur\u00e9ka” k reperto\u00e1ru n\u00e1stroj\u016f klinik, ordinac\u00ed a nemocnic nen\u00ed daleko. Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence v medic\u00edn\u011b s sebou nese \u0159adu v\u00fdzev a probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 se velmi li\u0161\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad od t\u011bch v podnikatelsk\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch. Jist\u00e9 v\u0161ak je, \u017ee pokud instituce, jako je MIT, uznaj\u00ed modely strojov\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed pro proch\u00e1zen\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch dat a odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed poznatk\u016f, kter\u00e9 zlep\u0161uj\u00ed zdrav\u00ed a buduj\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti pacient\u016f a l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f, za rozumn\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt v\u00fdzkumu, pak se d\u00edky dal\u0161\u00edmu pokroku v oblasti informatiky a v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed techniky stane um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed modern\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Algoritmy um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence pro interpretaci mamogram\u016f maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l zv\u00fd\u0161it \u00fa\u010dinnost program\u016f screeningu rakoviny prsu, pokud dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed odhalit n\u00e1dory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":63332,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[557],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zajimavosti"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAI pro odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed rakoviny prsu - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Modern\u00ed medic\u00edna se st\u00e1le v\u00edce orientuje na um\u011blou inteligenci. 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