{"id":68452,"date":"2023-08-22T06:00:31","date_gmt":"2023-08-22T04:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/dioda-jak-dziala-i-jak-ja-dobrac\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:08:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:08:10","slug":"dioda-jak-funguje-a-jak-ji-vybrat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/dioda-jak-funguje-a-jak-ji-vybrat\/","title":{"rendered":"Dioda – Jak funguje a jak ji vybrat?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 4<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 diody pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed elektronick\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky. Obvykle se s nimi setk\u00e1v\u00e1me na sam\u00e9m za\u010d\u00e1tku cesty k elektronick\u00e9mu mistrovstv\u00ed. Obecn\u011b v\u0161ichni v\u011bd\u00ed, jak dioda vypad\u00e1, ale kdy\u017e se jich zept\u00e1te na jej\u00ed konstrukci a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010dasto maj\u00ed v hlav\u011b velk\u00fd otazn\u00edk.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jak dioda funguje?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Diody<\/strong><\/a> pracuj\u00ed na principu elektroluminiscence, p\u0159em\u011bny elektrick\u00e9 energie na sv\u011btlo<\/strong>. Je to docela jednoduch\u00e9 – kdy\u017e elektrick\u00fd proud proch\u00e1z\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly, v\u010detn\u011b na\u0161ich polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch diod, vznik\u00e1 sv\u011bteln\u00e1 emise.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch diod<\/strong> doch\u00e1z\u00ed k elektroluminiscenci v oblasti z\u00e1bran mezi dv\u011bma vrstvami s opa\u010dn\u00fdm typem vodivosti. Kdy\u017e se na diodu p\u0159ivede nap\u011bt\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e prahov\u00e1 hodnota, nosi\u010de n\u00e1boje (elektrony a d\u00edry) za\u010dnou proch\u00e1zet bari\u00e9rovou oblast\u00ed. P\u0159i tomto procesu se uvol\u0148uje elektrick\u00e1 energie a doch\u00e1z\u00ed k emisi sv\u011btla o ur\u010dit\u00e9 vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce.<\/p>\n

Toto prahov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, se kter\u00fdm se setk\u00e1te pozd\u011bji v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku, je hodnota, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu pr\u016ftoku proudu diodou. Obvykle z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na typu LED diody, a tak nap\u0159\u00edklad LED diody<\/strong> r\u016fzn\u00fdch barev – \u010derven\u00e9<\/strong><\/a>, zelen\u00e9<\/strong><\/a> nebo modr\u00e9<\/strong><\/a> – mohou m\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00e9 prahov\u00e9 hodnoty nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sada 5mm LED diod - justPi - 16ks.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZKONTROLUJTE U SPOLE\u010cNOSTI BOTLAND<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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V norm\u00e1ln\u00edm stavu je dioda v odporu<\/strong>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nevede proud<\/strong>. Pokud v\u0161ak diodu spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159ipoj\u00edte k extern\u00edmu zdroji nap\u011bt\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zapnuta a m\u016f\u017ee j\u00ed prot\u00e9kat proud. V diod\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k veden\u00ed proudu pouze jedn\u00edm sm\u011brem – zp\u011btn\u00fdm<\/strong> sm\u011brem. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee proud m\u016f\u017ee t\u00e9ct pouze z vrstvy typu n do vrstvy typu p, ale ne naopak. Pokud je p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e tzv. prahov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed diody, za\u010dne dioda v\u00e9st proud.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Struktura diody<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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To, jak je dioda konstruov\u00e1na, je nezbytn\u00e9 pro \u00fapln\u00e9 pochopen\u00ed jej\u00edho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm prvkem diody je polovodi\u010d<\/strong> vyroben\u00fd obvykle z k\u0159em\u00edku nebo germania<\/strong>. Takov\u00fd polovodi\u010d m\u00e1 dv\u011b vrstvy:<\/p>\n

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  • vrstva typu p<\/strong> s p\u0159evahou kladn\u00fdch nosi\u010d\u016f n\u00e1boje (d\u011br),<\/li>\n
  • vrstva typu n<\/strong>, v n\u00ed\u017e p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed z\u00e1porn\u00e9 nosi\u010de n\u00e1boje (elektrony).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    M\u00edsto, kde se tyto dv\u011b vrstvy st\u00fdkaj\u00ed, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00e1v\u011brn\u00e1 oblast<\/strong>. V t\u00e9to oblasti chyb\u00ed nosi\u010de n\u00e1boje (nevede elektrick\u00fd proud). V\u0161e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1, kdy\u017e je vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ivedeno spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. P\u0159ipojen\u00edm anody diody (vrstva typu p) ke kladn\u00e9mu p\u00f3lu zdroje nap\u011bt\u00ed a katody diody (vrstva typu n) k z\u00e1porn\u00e9mu p\u00f3lu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed zm\u011bn\u00ed polaritu diody a zp\u016fsob\u00ed pr\u016ftok proudu.<\/p>\n

    Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee diody jsou polarizovan\u00e9<\/strong>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pro jejich spr\u00e1vnou funkci je nutn\u00e9 je spr\u00e1vn\u011b zapojit do obvodu. Opa\u010dn\u00e1 polarita<\/strong>, tj. opa\u010dn\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed diody, m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt za n\u00e1sledek nedostate\u010dnou vodivost nebo po\u0161kozen\u00ed diody.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Jak vybrat diodu?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Pro spr\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br diody je t\u0159eba zn\u00e1t jej\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed parametry a pochopit rozd\u00edly mezi jejich charakteristikami s ohledem na zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed. Volba diody proto z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed aplikaci. Zde jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 faktory.<\/p>\n

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    • Ji\u017e zn\u00e1m\u00e9 vodiv\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/span> nebo prahov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/span>. Ur\u010duje minim\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ivedeno na diodu, aby za\u010dala v\u00e9st proud. V z\u00e1vislosti na pou\u017eit\u00ed je t\u0159eba toto nap\u011bt\u00ed zohlednit p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru diody.<\/li>\n
    • Vodivostn\u00ed proud<\/span>. Ur\u010duje maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed proud, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee dioda v\u00e9st bez po\u0161kozen\u00ed. P\u0159i volb\u011b diody je t\u0159eba zohlednit maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed proud, kter\u00fd obvod vy\u017eaduje. Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed technick\u00e9 specifikace a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed proudu multimetrem. Toto je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd bod – d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jsou v\u0161echny obvodov\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky, jako jsou tranzistory nebo rezistory zvolen\u00e9 pro maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed proud.<\/li>\n
    • \u010cas reakce<\/span>. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na v optick\u00e9 komunikaci a signalizaci, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby dioda m\u011bla kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010d\u00e1s reakce, tj. vhodnou rychlost zapnut\u00ed\/vypnut\u00ed.<\/li>\n
    • Sv\u011bteln\u00e1 charakteristika<\/span>. Pokud m\u00e1 b\u00fdt dioda pou\u017eita jako zdroj sv\u011btla, a ne pouze jako sou\u010d\u00e1st nespecifikovan\u00e9ho obvodu, je t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit jej\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 vlastnosti, tj. spektrum vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011btla a jas.<\/li>\n
    • Teplota<\/span>. Vysok\u00e9 teploty mohou ovlivnit v\u00fdkon diody, proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vybrat diodu, kter\u00e1 vydr\u017e\u00ed provozn\u00ed teplotu prost\u0159ed\u00ed. St\u00e1le obl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed instalace LED diod v kuchyni nebo koupeln\u011b m\u00e1 i sv\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody – nechcete, aby k nim stoupala p\u00e1ra z \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho spor\u00e1ku nebo d\u0159ezu, co\u017e z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska po\u0161kod\u00ed i samotn\u00e9 sv\u00edtidlo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      Sv\u011bteln\u00e1 charakteristika diody - co to znamen\u00e1?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      Pojem, se kter\u00fdm se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00edch mo\u017en\u00fdch diod v obchod\u011b. \u010casto je doprov\u00e1zen grafick\u00fdm zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00edm vztahu mezi elektrick\u00fdm proudem prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edm diodou a intenzitou sv\u011btla, kter\u00e9 dioda vyza\u0159uje – n\u011bco jako barevn\u00fd diagram s energetickou \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed chladni\u010dek. To je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd faktor p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru LED diod pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace v dom\u00e1cnosti, kancel\u00e1\u0159i nebo d\u00edln\u011b.<\/p>\n

      Sv\u011bteln\u00e1 charakteristika diody<\/strong> se obvykle zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje v grafu, kde vodorovn\u00e1 osa ukazuje proud, obvykle v amp\u00e9rech, a svisl\u00e1 osa jas sv\u011btla, nej\u010dast\u011bji v lumenech a o n\u011bco m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto v kandel\u00e1ch (cd). Tento graf ukazuje, jak se LED dioda chov\u00e1 za r\u016fzn\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek. V\u0161imn\u011bte si minim\u00e1ln\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m dioda za\u010dne vyza\u0159ovat sv\u011btlo. Pod t\u00edmto nap\u011bt\u00edm se dioda chov\u00e1 jako b\u011b\u017en\u00fd polovodi\u010dov\u00fd prvek a nevyza\u0159uje sv\u011btlo. \u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed proud diodou prot\u00e9k\u00e1, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je jej\u00ed jas. Sv\u011bteln\u00e1 charakteristika ud\u00e1v\u00e1, jak se tento jas m\u011bn\u00ed s proudem. Opakujeme jako varov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee pokud je proud p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00fd, dioda se p\u0159eh\u0159eje a po\u0161kod\u00ed. Sv\u011bteln\u00e1 charakteristika m\u016f\u017ee, nebo by sp\u00ed\u0161e m\u011bla, zahrnovat informace o sv\u011bteln\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti diody, tj. mno\u017estv\u00ed vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9ho sv\u011btla v pom\u011bru k odeb\u00edran\u00e9mu proudu. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost znamen\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed energetick\u00fd v\u00fdkon diody.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      Jak\u00e9 diody zvolit pro dom\u00e1cnost?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      Asi nej\u010dast\u011bji kladen\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka – \u0161koda, \u017ee je tak obecn\u00e1, ale i zde lze n\u011bco poradit. Nejprve si ur\u010dete, k jak\u00e9mu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010delu pot\u0159ebujete LED diody ve sv\u00e9m dom\u011b.<\/strong> Chcete je instalovat jako celkov\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed, dekorativn\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed nebo bodov\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed? Nebo jde o osv\u011btlen\u00ed n\u00e1bytku \u010di polic? V\u00fdb\u011br LED diod z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu osv\u011btlen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 chcete realizovat. Zva\u017ete, jak intenzivn\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed v dan\u00e9m prostoru pot\u0159ebujete. Jas LED se nej\u010dast\u011bji m\u011b\u0159\u00ed v lumenech (lm)<\/strong>. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je hodnota lumen\u016f, t\u00edm jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btlo LED dioda vyza\u0159uje. Vyberte si LED diody se spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm jasem, abyste osv\u011btlen\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsobili sv\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m. Barva sv\u011btla<\/strong> je prostor pro fantazii, proto\u017ee LED diody jsou k dispozici v r\u016fzn\u00fdch barv\u00e1ch, jako je tepl\u00e1 b\u00edl\u00e1, neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e1, studen\u00e1 b\u00edl\u00e1, \u010derven\u00e1, modr\u00e1 nebo zelen\u00e1. Vyberte si barvu sv\u011btla, kter\u00e1 nejl\u00e9pe odpov\u00edd\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e a stylu, kter\u00fd chcete pro dan\u00fd prostor vytvo\u0159it.<\/p>\n

      P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee vizu\u00e1ln\u011b nezat\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed jsou LED diody s neutr\u00e1ln\u00edmi nebo tepl\u00fdmi<\/strong> barvami. Tepl\u00e1 b\u00edl\u00e1<\/strong> (barevn\u00fd rozsah 2700K a\u017e 3000K) se podob\u00e1 tradi\u010dn\u00edm \u017e\u00e1rovk\u00e1m se \u017elutavou barvou. Vyza\u0159uje p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9, tepl\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, kter\u00e9 se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k osv\u011btlen\u00ed obytn\u00fdch prostor, lo\u017enic nebo ob\u00fdvac\u00edch pokoj\u016f.<\/p>\n

      Neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e1<\/strong> (barevn\u00fd rozsah 3500K a\u017e 4500K) se v\u00edce podob\u00e1 p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu denn\u00edmu sv\u011btlu. Proto vyza\u0159uje neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e9 sv\u011btlo a \u010dasto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na pracovi\u0161t\u00edch, v kancel\u00e1\u0159\u00edch, kuchyn\u00edch nebo koupeln\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

      Studen\u00e1 b\u00edl\u00e1<\/strong> nad 5000 K je v\u00edce namodral\u00e1 a intenzivn\u00ed. Vyza\u0159uje chladn\u00e9 a jasn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo a \u010dasto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v oblastech, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed dobr\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed, jako jsou sklady, parkovi\u0161t\u011b a venkovn\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed. S modr\u00fdm sv\u011btlem v\u0161ak souvis\u00ed skute\u010dnost, \u017ee takov\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed v\u00edce unavuje o\u010di, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v dom\u00e1c\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Diody, diody, diody! Zamilovali si je nejen elektronici, ale i dekorat\u00e9\u0159i a kutilov\u00e9. Je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co to jsou a jak jsou konstruov\u00e1ny. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":68302,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549,560],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-68452","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs","category-poradenstvi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDioda - Jak funguje a jak ji vybrat? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kompendium elektronick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed Botland Blog a obchod s elektronikou a robotikou Botland - nav\u0161tivte n\u00e1s online!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/dioda-jak-funguje-a-jak-ji-vybrat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dioda - Jak funguje a jak ji vybrat? 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