{"id":69111,"date":"2023-08-31T06:00:56","date_gmt":"2023-08-31T04:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/silnik-pradu-stalego-zasada-dzialania-i-zastosowanie\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:07:21","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:07:21","slug":"stejnosmerny-motor-princip-cinnosti-a-pouziti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/stejnosmerny-motor-princip-cinnosti-a-pouziti\/","title":{"rendered":"Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor – princip \u010dinnosti a pou\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku pop\u00ed\u0161eme princip jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s toto t\u00e9ma? V tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00e1s zveme k dal\u0161\u00edmu \u010dten\u00ed!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Poznejte p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh vzniku prvn\u00edho stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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P\u016fvod stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru<\/strong><\/a> sah\u00e1 a\u017e do 19. stolet\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee se my\u0161lenkou p\u0159em\u011bny elektrick\u00e9ho proudu na mechanick\u00fd pohyb zab\u00fdvalo mnoho vyn\u00e1lezc\u016f, skute\u010dn\u00fd pr\u016flom nastal v roce 1821 d\u00edky britsk\u00e9mu v\u011bdci Michaelu Faradayovi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Faraday vytvo\u0159il za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zvan\u00e9 “Faraday\u016fv disk<\/strong> ” – jednoduch\u00fd stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edval elektromagnetickou s\u00edlu ke generov\u00e1n\u00ed pohybu. P\u0159esto\u017ee se jednalo o jednoduch\u00fd a m\u00e1lo \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd stroj, jeho princip \u010dinnosti se stal z\u00e1kladem pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdch motor\u016f.<\/p>\n

V roce 1837 vytvo\u0159il belgick\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce Zenobe Gramme<\/strong> prvn\u00ed prakticky pou\u017eiteln\u00fd stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor, kter\u00fd byl schopen nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b dod\u00e1vat energii. Tento model byl mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Faraday\u016fv disk.<\/p>\n

Grammeho motor<\/strong> vyu\u017e\u00edval novou konstrukci, kter\u00e1 zahrnovala komut\u00e1tor – kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st modern\u00edch stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdch motor\u016f. Komut\u00e1tor umo\u017e\u0148oval plynulou zm\u011bnu sm\u011bru proudu, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148ovalo plynul\u00fd rota\u010dn\u00ed pohyb.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj technologie stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu pokra\u010doval po cel\u00e9 19. stolet\u00ed a\u017e do vyn\u00e1lezu altern\u00e1toru a zaveden\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu. Stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory maj\u00ed st\u00e1le mnoho aplikac\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na tam, kde je vy\u017eadov\u00e1na p\u0159esn\u00e1 regulace ot\u00e1\u010dek.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor - jak je konstruov\u00e1n?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor<\/strong><\/a>, zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 jako motor DC<\/strong>, je specifick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje elektrickou energii na mechanickou. Jeho z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: rotoru, statoru a komut\u00e1toru.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Rotor<\/span>, zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 jako rotuj\u00edc\u00ed j\u00e1dro nebo kotva, je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed v d\u016fsledku to\u010div\u00e9ho momentu generovan\u00e9ho motorem. Obvykle se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed z vrstven\u00fdch ocelov\u00fdch plech\u016f, aby se minimalizovaly energetick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 rotuj\u00edc\u00edm magnetick\u00fdm polem.<\/p>\n

Stator<\/span> je statick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st motoru, kter\u00e1 se neot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed. Obvykle je vybaven jedn\u00edm nebo v\u00edce elektromagnety nebo permanentn\u00edmi magnety, kter\u00e9 v motoru vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pole.<\/p>\n

Komut\u00e1tor<\/span> je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdch motor\u016f. Je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za zm\u011bnu sm\u011bru proudu ka\u017edou p\u016fl ot\u00e1\u010dku, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby se rotor ot\u00e1\u010del nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b jedn\u00edm sm\u011brem. V praxi je komut\u00e1tor obvykle p\u0159ipojen k rotoru a skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z \u0159ady m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch desek.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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P\u0159\u00edklad stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZKONTROLUJTE U SPOLE\u010cNOSTI BOTLAND<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory obvykle obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, jako jsou lo\u017eiska,<\/span> kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed rotoru, a kart\u00e1\u010de<\/span>, kter\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed proud na komut\u00e1tor.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jak\u00fd je princip stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor pracuje podle z\u00e1kladn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f elektromagnetismu. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich jsou Amp\u00e9r\u016fv z\u00e1kon a Lorentz\u016fv z\u00e1kon.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku je na motor p\u0159ivedeno nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 vede k pr\u016ftoku proudu rotorem<\/strong>. V d\u016fsledku tohoto toku proudu v magnetick\u00e9m poli statoru p\u016fsob\u00ed na rotor na z\u00e1klad\u011b Lorentzova z\u00e1kona<\/strong> s\u00edla kolm\u00e1 jak na sm\u011br toku proudu, tak na sm\u011br magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Tato s\u00edla zp\u016fsobuje ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed rotoru.<\/p>\n

Aby v\u0161ak byl rota\u010dn\u00ed pohyb plynul\u00fd, je nutn\u00e9 systematicky m\u011bnit sm\u011br proudu prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edho rotorem. K tomu slou\u017e\u00ed komut\u00e1tor<\/strong> – poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e rotor projde bodem, kde se magnetick\u00e1 s\u00edla zastav\u00ed, komut\u00e1tor zm\u011bn\u00ed sm\u011br proudu. T\u00edm je zaji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee rotor je poh\u00e1n\u011bn silou v\u017edy ve stejn\u00e9m sm\u011bru.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b tento sled ud\u00e1lost\u00ed – proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed rotorem v p\u0159\u00edtomnosti magnetick\u00e9ho pole, kter\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed rota\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edlu, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b komut\u00e1tor m\u011bn\u00ed sm\u011br proudu – umo\u017e\u0148uje rotoru nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b se ot\u00e1\u010det, co\u017e je z\u00e1kladem stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor - p\u0159\u00edklady praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory jsou v na\u0161em ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e si to \u010dasto neuv\u011bdomujeme. N\u00ed\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme jejich nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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  1. Elektrick\u00e1 vozidla<\/span> – stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v elektrick\u00fdch vozidlech, jako jsou automobily, j\u00edzdn\u00ed kola a elektrick\u00e9 sk\u00fatry. D\u00edky mo\u017enosti p\u0159esn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ot\u00e1\u010dek a to\u010div\u00e9ho momentu jsou ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro aplikace vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed plynul\u00e9 zm\u011bny ot\u00e1\u010dek.<\/li>\n
  2. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 spot\u0159ebi\u010de<\/span> – stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed prakticky ve v\u0161ech dom\u00e1c\u00edch elektrick\u00fdch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se ve spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch, jako jsou vysava\u010de, mix\u00e9ry, vrta\u010dky, pra\u010dky, su\u0161i\u010dky, ventil\u00e1tory a dokonce i elektrick\u00e9 zubn\u00ed kart\u00e1\u010dky.<\/li>\n
  3. Robotika<\/span> – v robotice jsou stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory nenahraditeln\u00e9. D\u00edky sv\u00fdm schopnostem p\u0159esn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch robotech – od jednoduch\u00fdch hra\u010dek a\u017e po sofistikovan\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.<\/li>\n
  4. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/span> – stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch, kde poh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed ventil\u00e1tory chlazen\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  5. Syst\u00e9my nouzov\u00e9ho nap\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/span> – stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 motory se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v gener\u00e1torech elektrick\u00e9 energie, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed jako syst\u00e9my nouzov\u00e9ho nap\u00e1jen\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdpadku elektrick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Jak vid\u00edte, stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor je p\u0159evratn\u00fd objev, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdvoj technologi\u00ed dodnes. Bude zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 sledovat, jak\u00e1 bude jeho budoucnost a co n\u00e1m uk\u00e1\u017e\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed desetilet\u00ed objev\u016f.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku pop\u00ed\u0161eme princip jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s toto t\u00e9ma? V tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00e1s zveme k dal\u0161\u00edmu \u010dten\u00ed!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":68982,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-69111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nStejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor - princip \u010dinnosti a pou\u017eit\u00ed - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/stejnosmerny-motor-princip-cinnosti-a-pouziti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor - princip \u010dinnosti a pou\u017eit\u00ed - Botland\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd motor je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku pop\u00ed\u0161eme princip jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s toto t\u00e9ma? 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