{"id":71277,"date":"2023-09-25T06:00:40","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T04:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/czujnik-magnetyczny-co-to-jest-i-do-czego-sluzy\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:05:37","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:05:37","slug":"magneticky-senzor-co-to-je-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/magneticky-senzor-co-to-je-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva\/","title":{"rendered":"Magnetick\u00fd senzor – co to je a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Magnetick\u00fd senzor – pro v\u011bt\u0161inu z n\u00e1s nen\u00e1padn\u00fd – je velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmalo v\u00e1s n\u011bkdy, jak funguje a k \u010demu se d\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edt? P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si dal\u0161\u00ed informace.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Magnetick\u00e9 senzory - historie v\u00fdvoje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Prvn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch jev\u016f se datuj\u00ed ji\u017e do starov\u011bku, ale teprve v 19. stolet\u00ed jsme d\u00edky v\u00fdzkum\u016fm v\u011bdc\u016f, jako byli Michael Faraday a James Clerk Maxwell, za\u010dali ch\u00e1pat, jak magnetismus funguje a jak ho vyu\u017e\u00edt. Faraday zkoumal vztah mezi elekt\u0159inou a magnetismem a zavedl pojem magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Maxwell naopak sformuloval \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rovnice, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho a magnetick\u00e9ho pole.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 senzory, jak je zn\u00e1me dnes, se za\u010daly objevovat a\u017e ve 20. stolet\u00ed. To bylo umo\u017en\u011bno rozvojem polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila miniaturizaci a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed citlivosti t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V roce 1955 byl v Bell Labs (v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed finsk\u00e9 telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Nokia, p\u016fvodn\u011b zalo\u017een\u00e9 jako v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 st\u0159edisko AT&T) vynalezen prvn\u00ed magnetick\u00fd senzor zalo\u017een\u00fd na polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 technologii. Jednalo se o pr\u016flom v oblasti senzorov\u00e9 techniky, proto\u017ee umo\u017enil vyu\u017eit\u00ed magnetismu v b\u011b\u017en\u011b dostupn\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed technologii.<\/p>\n

Od t\u00e9 doby se technologie magnetick\u00fdch senzor\u016f neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjela. Dnes se tato mal\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, \u010dasto ne v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mince, nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na mnoha m\u00edstech, od kompas\u016f v na\u0161ich chytr\u00fdch telefonech p\u0159es senzory v automobilech a\u017e po pokro\u010dil\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed syst\u00e9my v pr\u016fmyslu a medic\u00edn\u011b. O jejich roli v t\u011bchto oblastech si pov\u00edme v\u00edce v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech na\u0161eho \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Magnetick\u00fd senzor - konstruk\u010dn\u00ed sch\u00e9ma a princip \u010dinnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Magnetick\u00e9 senzory maj\u00ed navzdory sv\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 \u00faloze pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduchou strukturu a princip \u010dinnosti. A\u010dkoli r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy senzor\u016f mohou m\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00e9 konstruk\u010dn\u00ed detaily, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed prvky jsou spole\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed magnetick\u00fd senzor se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou hlavn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: permanentn\u00edho magnetu (nebo c\u00edvky, kter\u00e1 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pole) a Hallova senzoru (nebo jin\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti citliv\u00e9 na magnetick\u00e9 pole). Hall\u016fv sn\u00edma\u010d je polovodi\u010dov\u00fd prvek, kter\u00fd m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti pod vlivem magnetick\u00e9ho pole, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje detekci tohoto pole.<\/p>\n

Princip magnetick\u00e9ho senzoru je zalo\u017een na Hallov\u011b jevu. Kdy\u017e Hallov\u00fdm senzorem prot\u00e9k\u00e1 proud a ten je pono\u0159en do magnetick\u00e9ho pole, indukuje se p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (Hallovo nap\u011bt\u00ed), kter\u00e9 je \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 intenzit\u011b magnetick\u00e9ho pole. M\u011b\u0159en\u00edm tohoto nap\u011bt\u00ed je magnetick\u00fd senzor schopen ur\u010dit p\u0159\u00edtomnost a s\u00edlu magnetick\u00e9ho pole.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Magnetick\u00fd senzor pro otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed dve\u0159\u00ed\/oken.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si o r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech magnetick\u00fdch senzor\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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P\u0159i popisu konstruk\u010dn\u00edho sch\u00e9matu a principu fungov\u00e1n\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch senzor\u016f jsme se zm\u00ednili o tom, \u017ee existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy. Chcete v\u011bd\u011bt, jak\u00e9 jsou to typy? Zde je odpov\u011b\u010f!<\/p>\n

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  1. Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Hallovy senzory<\/span> pracuj\u00ed na principu Hallova jevu, kter\u00fd spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vytvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed v materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fdm prot\u00e9k\u00e1 proud a kter\u00fd je vystaven magnetick\u00e9mu poli. Jsou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na tam, kde je t\u0159eba zjistit p\u0159\u00edtomnost magnetick\u00e9ho pole a zm\u011b\u0159it jeho s\u00edlu.<\/li>\n
  2. Magnetorezistory<\/span> – vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jevu magnetorezistence, tj. zm\u011bny elektrick\u00e9ho odporu pod vlivem magnetick\u00e9ho pole. \u010casto se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve sn\u00edma\u010d\u00edch polohy, kde se odpor m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed magnetu.<\/li>\n
  3. Magnetooptick\u00e9 senzory<\/span> – vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Faraday\u016fv jev zm\u011bny polarizace sv\u011btla pod vlivem magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Tyto typy senzor\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto, ale lze je pou\u017e\u00edt ve velmi specifick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, kde je t\u0159eba detekovat velmi mal\u00e9 zm\u011bny magnetick\u00e9ho pole.<\/li>\n
  4. Induk\u010dn\u00ed senzory<\/span> – vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jevu elektromagnetick\u00e9 indukce, tj. vzniku proudu v obvodu pod vlivem m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edho se magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k detekci kovov\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f.<\/li>\n
  5. Magnetick\u00e9 senzory na b\u00e1zi magnetometru<\/span> – m\u011b\u0159\u00ed s\u00edlu a sm\u011br magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v geofyzice a planet\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u011bd\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 v navigaci a mobiln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, jako jsou smartphony.<\/li>\n
  6. Senzory zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pam\u011bti MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory)<\/span> – vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k z\u00e1pisu a \u010dten\u00ed dat jev tunelov\u00e9 magnetorezistence. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v modern\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch pam\u011btech.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Magnetick\u00fd senzor - p\u0159\u00edklady pou\u017eit\u00ed v praxi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Typy magnetick\u00fdch senzor\u016f ji\u017e zn\u00e1te a v\u00edte, \u017ee jich je pom\u011brn\u011b hodn\u011b. A k \u010demu jsou v praxi? Zde je n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f:<\/p>\n

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    1. Automatizace a robotika<\/span> – magnetick\u00e9 senzory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed polohy ve stroj\u00edch a robotech a pom\u00e1haj\u00ed monitorovat a \u0159\u00eddit mechanick\u00e9 pohyby. Jsou kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha automatick\u00fdch \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/li>\n
    2. Automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl<\/span> – tyto sn\u00edma\u010de se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed ot\u00e1\u010dek motoru, zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed polohy kol a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti vozidla. Nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se tak\u00e9 v syst\u00e9mech ABS, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00ed \u010dinnost brzdov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n
    3. Spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektronika<\/span> – v elektronick\u00fdch kompasech, nap\u0159\u00edklad v smartphonech, se magnetick\u00e9 senzory pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru vzhledem k magnetick\u00e9mu poli Zem\u011b.<\/li>\n
    4. V\u00fdroba energie<\/span> – v transform\u00e1torov\u00fdch stanic\u00edch se magnetick\u00e9 senzory pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed proudov\u00e9ho toku ve velk\u00fdch p\u0159enosov\u00fdch veden\u00edch.<\/li>\n
    5. Medic\u00edna<\/span> – v medic\u00edn\u011b se magnetick\u00e9 senzory pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v syst\u00e9mech magnetick\u00e9 rezonance (MRI), kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et detailn\u00ed sn\u00edmky vnit\u0159ku t\u011bla pacienta.<\/li>\n
    6. Geofyzika<\/span> – magnetick\u00e9 senzory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho pole Zem\u011b, k detekci tektonick\u00fdch zm\u011bn nebo k seismick\u00fdm studi\u00edm.<\/li>\n
    7. Bezpe\u010dnost<\/span> – magnetick\u00e9 senzory se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v zabezpe\u010dovac\u00edch syst\u00e9mech. Do dve\u0159\u00ed a oken se instaluj\u00ed mal\u00e9 magnety, kter\u00e9 v kombinaci s magnetick\u00fdm senzorem detekuj\u00ed jejich otev\u0159en\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      To jsou jen n\u011bkter\u00e9 z aplikac\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch senzor\u016f. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 v\u0161estrannosti a \u0161irok\u00fdm mo\u017enostem jsou tato mal\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed neviditelnou, ale nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161eho ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Magnetick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d – pro v\u011bt\u0161inu z n\u00e1s nen\u00e1padn\u00fd – je velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmalo v\u00e1s n\u011bkdy, jak funguje a k \u010demu se d\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edt? P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si dal\u0161\u00ed informace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":70932,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549,564],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs","category-smart-home-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMagnetick\u00fd senzor - co to je a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Magnetick\u00fd senzor - mal\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s mnoha mo\u017enostmi. 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