{"id":72609,"date":"2023-09-07T06:00:43","date_gmt":"2023-09-07T04:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/mostek-prostowniczy-co-to-jest-zastosowanie\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:06:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:06:46","slug":"usmernovaci-mustek-co-to-je-pouziti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/usmernovaci-mustek-co-to-je-pouziti\/","title":{"rendered":"Usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek – co to je? Pou\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstky jsou ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00edch cest s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed – seznamte se s jejich konstrukc\u00ed, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi parametry a pou\u017eit\u00edm.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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St\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd a stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd proud z hlediska energetiky a elektroniky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Modern\u00ed energetika se op\u00edr\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> – setk\u00e1me se s n\u00edm ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. D\u016fvodem je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm skute\u010dnost, \u017ee snadn\u00e1 zm\u011bna \u00farovn\u011b tohoto typu nap\u011bt\u00ed pomoc\u00ed transform\u00e1tor\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u00ed p\u0159enos energie na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (ztr\u00e1ty v p\u0159enosov\u00e9m veden\u00ed se p\u0159i vysok\u00e9m nap\u011bt\u00ed sni\u017euj\u00ed). Krom\u011b toho v\u011bt\u0161ina gener\u00e1tor\u016f – vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 konstrukci – p\u0159irozen\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u00ed pouze st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud, co\u017e je prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a ekonomi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

St\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud je tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1n za o n\u011bco bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/strong> ne\u017e stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd, pokud jde o biologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje. Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch obvod\u016f je v\u0161ak zalo\u017eeno t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b na stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9m nap\u011bt\u00ed – z tohoto d\u016fvodu je nutn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstky k p\u0159evodu (d\u0159\u00edve redukovan\u00e9ho) st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed na nap\u011bt\u00ed stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Konstrukce a princip \u010dinnosti usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00edho m\u016fstku<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Klasick\u00fd usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek<\/a><\/strong> se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze \u010dty\u0159 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch diod<\/strong> zapojen\u00fdch ve specifick\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 Wheatstone\u016fv m\u016fstek pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed technice. Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00edho m\u016fstku je \u010dtverec oto\u010den\u00fd o 45 stup\u0148\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e diody jsou na ka\u017ed\u00e9 stran\u011b um\u00edst\u011bny odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. P\u0159i t\u00e9to topologii tvo\u0159\u00ed spojen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch elektrod “sousedn\u00edch” diod \u010dty\u0159i uzly.<\/p>\n

Dva z uzl\u016f (um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v protilehl\u00fdch roz\u00edch \u010dtverce) jsou p\u0159ipojeny ke zdroji st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> (obvykle k v\u00fdstupu transform\u00e1toru, kter\u00fd sni\u017euje nap\u011bt\u00ed na bezpe\u010dnou hodnotu, nap\u0159. 12 V nebo 24 V) a ostatn\u00ed uzly jsou p\u0159ipojeny k z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt nap\u00e1jena stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm proudem<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek KBPC3510 - 1000V\/35A - s konektory.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Za pov\u0161imnut\u00ed stoj\u00ed, \u017ee katody obou diod jsou p\u0159ipojeny k vodi\u010di ozna\u010den\u00e9mu “+”, zat\u00edmco anody ostatn\u00edch dvou sou\u010d\u00e1stek jsou p\u0159ipojeny k “-“. Toto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed znamen\u00e1, \u017ee b\u011bhem jednoho cyklu st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu dv\u011b diody propou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed proud ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m sm\u011bru a ostatn\u00ed ho blokuj\u00ed (proto\u017ee jsou polarizov\u00e1ny v opa\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru). V druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b cyklu je situace opa\u010dn\u00e1 – diody, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve propou\u0161t\u011bly proud, jej nyn\u00ed blokuj\u00ed a prvky, kter\u00e9 byly v p\u0159edchoz\u00ed polovin\u011b cyklu sepnuty, proud nevedou.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek v praxi - \"layout prost\u0159ed\u00ed\"<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e1 \u010dinnost m\u016fstkov\u00e9ho usm\u011br\u0148ova\u010de zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee pr\u016fb\u011bh v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 sinusovku<\/strong>, jej\u00ed\u017e z\u00e1porn\u00e9 poloviny jsou invertov\u00e1ny a “p\u0159evr\u00e1ceny” p\u0159es vodorovnou osu grafu. Tento “dvoubitov\u00fd” pr\u016fb\u011bh se opakuje v ka\u017ed\u00e9 period\u011b s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, proto v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed m\u016fstku ozna\u010dujeme jako dvounap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 usm\u011brn\u011bn\u00e9. T\u011b\u017eko tedy m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o \u010dist\u00e9 stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed – v\u017edy\u0165 m\u00edsto stabiln\u00ed hodnoty nap\u011bt\u00ed (nap\u0159. 5 VDC) se zde jedn\u00e1 o siln\u011b pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed sign\u00e1l, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vhodn\u00fd nap\u0159\u00edklad pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch obvod\u016f, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny na mikrokontrol\u00e9rech nebo citliv\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Nic nen\u00ed ztraceno – sta\u010d\u00ed toti\u017e v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed m\u016fstku filtrovat pomoc\u00ed baterie n\u011bkolika velk\u00fdch elektrolytick\u00fdch kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f, kter\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b “vyhlad\u00ed” a p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na\u0161emu vysn\u011bn\u00e9mu ide\u00e1lu. V mnoha obvodech se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i takov\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e1 filtrace uk\u00e1\u017ee jako nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 – dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem jsou analogov\u011b-digit\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159evodn\u00edky<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 pro spr\u00e1vnou funkci vy\u017eaduj\u00ed stabiln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed s velmi n\u00edzkou \u00farovn\u00ed zvln\u011bn\u00ed a \u0161umu. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu se v praxi pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 – za filtra\u010dn\u00ed kondenz\u00e1torovou bateri\u00ed – line\u00e1rn\u00ed stabiliz\u00e1tor, kter\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b “od\u0159\u00edzne” zbytek ru\u0161en\u00ed a do nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch obvod\u016f dod\u00e1 “\u010dist\u00e9” stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed s velmi dobr\u00fdmi parametry.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00edch m\u016fstk\u016f (nejen) v transform\u00e1torov\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch<\/strong> je t\u0159eba pamatovat i na vhodnou ochranu proti p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed – aby nedo\u0161lo k po\u0161kozen\u00ed m\u016fstku, ale i transform\u00e1toru (nap\u0159. p\u0159i necht\u011bn\u00e9m zkratu na v\u00fdstupu), m\u011bla by b\u00fdt p\u0159ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edm vinut\u00edm namontov\u00e1na pojistka s hodnotou vypo\u010dtenou podle p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkonu a typu transform\u00e1toru (tato problematika v\u0161ak p\u0159esahuje r\u00e1mec na\u0161eho \u010dl\u00e1nku).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 parametry usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00edch m\u016fstk\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Parametry usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00edho m\u016fstku, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce uv\u00e1d\u00ed v datov\u00e9m listu, jsou rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pro spr\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br a pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto sou\u010d\u00e1stek p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pod\u00edvejme se stru\u010dn\u011b na nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich:<\/p>\n

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  1. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed reverzn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed (Vrrm)
    <\/span> . Jedn\u00e1 se o maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed (\u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9) nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek schopen vydr\u017eet p\u0159i provozu v reverzn\u00edm sm\u011bru. P\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed tohoto nap\u011bt\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k po\u0161kozen\u00ed m\u016fstku (prop\u00edchnut\u00ed diody). Obvykle lze v katalogov\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u00edch nal\u00e9zt tak\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed efektivn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed (Vrms<\/span>), kter\u00e9 je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  2. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed vodivostn\u00ed proud (If(av)<\/span>)
    <\/span>Tento parametr ud\u00e1v\u00e1 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed proud, kter\u00fd je m\u016fstek schopen v\u00e9st ve vodiv\u00e9m stavu, ani\u017e by do\u0161lo k po\u0161kozen\u00ed (p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed) k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch diod v jeho konstrukci. Je t\u0159eba dodat, \u017ee v\u00fdrobci v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obvykle uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed proud jako pr\u016fm\u011brnou hodnotu bipol\u00e1rn\u011b usm\u011brn\u011bn\u00e9ho proudu.<\/li>\n
  3. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdkon (Pd<\/span>)
    <\/span>Jedn\u00e1 se o nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon, kter\u00fd je usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek schopen p\u0159ev\u00e9st bez po\u0161kozen\u00ed (p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed). Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jak na v\u00fdkonu diod, tak na tepeln\u00e9 vodivosti a konstrukci sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b, a tedy i na jej\u00ed velikosti. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b zp\u016fsob upevn\u011bn\u00ed m\u016fstku a okoln\u00ed teplota.<\/li>\n
  4. Provozn\u00ed teplota (Tj<\/span>)
    <\/span> Definuje teplotn\u00ed rozsah, ve kter\u00e9m je usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek schopen spr\u00e1vn\u011b fungovat. P\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed teploty m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed m\u016fstkov\u00fdch diod, ale p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00edzk\u00e9 teploty se tak\u00e9 nedoporu\u010duj\u00ed – mohou toti\u017e negativn\u011b ovlivnit \u017eivotnost materi\u00e1l\u016f sou\u010d\u00e1stek.<\/li>\n
  5. Reverzn\u00ed proud (IR<\/span>)
    <\/span>Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota proudu prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edho diodami pracuj\u00edc\u00edmi v bari\u00e9rov\u00e9 polarit\u011b. Obvykle z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na \u00farovni n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek a\u017e stovek mikroamp\u00e9r\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Aplikace usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00edch m\u016fstk\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    KBU6M usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek - 1000V\/6A - ploch\u00fd.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstky<\/strong>, jak jsme se zm\u00ednili na za\u010d\u00e1tku tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku, se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b) v s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch obvodech AC\/DC zdroj\u016f<\/strong> – je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee se to net\u00fdk\u00e1 pouze tradi\u010dn\u00edch transform\u00e1torov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Vhodn\u00e9 m\u016fstky v\u0161ak lze pou\u017e\u00edt i ve sp\u00ednan\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch a dokonce i v jednoduch\u00fdch beztransform\u00e1torov\u00fdch proveden\u00edch – m\u011bjte v\u0161ak na pam\u011bti, \u017ee tyto zdroje nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou izola\u010dn\u00ed bari\u00e9ru, kter\u00e1 by chr\u00e1nila u\u017eivatele p\u0159ed \u00farazem elektrick\u00fdm proudem, a proto se nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, kde hroz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd kontakt t\u011bla u\u017eivatele s vodiv\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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