{"id":74445,"date":"2023-12-24T14:00:50","date_gmt":"2023-12-24T13:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/czujniki-temperatury-czym-sa-i-do-czego-sluza\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:02:19","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:02:19","slug":"snimace-teploty-co-jsou-a-k-cemu-se-pouzivaji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/snimace-teploty-co-jsou-a-k-cemu-se-pouzivaji\/","title":{"rendered":"Sn\u00edma\u010de teploty – co jsou a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Teplota je jednou z nej\u010dast\u011bji m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch veli\u010din ve v\u0161ech odv\u011btv\u00edch elektroniky. V na\u0161em pr\u016fvodci se dozv\u00edte o nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch typech sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f teploty.<\/em><\/p>\n

Mezi stovkami fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch veli\u010din zauj\u00edm\u00e1 teplota<\/strong> zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed m\u00edsto. Velmi \u010dasto je to toti\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b tento parametr, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010dit, zda syst\u00e9m nebo<\/strong> za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracuje za bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, a tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje rychle odhalit p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 poruchy a\/nebo rizika. V medic\u00edn\u011b<\/strong> je t\u011blesn\u00e1 teplota jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed o zdravotn\u00edm stavu pacienta, zat\u00edmco v pr\u016fmyslu<\/strong> nebo v laboratorn\u00edch aplikac\u00edch<\/strong> je kl\u00ed\u010dovou veli\u010dinou v mnoha technologick\u00fdch procesech. Meteorologie<\/strong> intenzivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty vzduchu ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed, zat\u00edmco v automatizaci budov<\/strong><\/a> je hodnota vnit\u0159n\u00ed teploty hlavn\u00edm parametrem, kter\u00fd se bere v \u00favahu p\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed HVAC. P\u0159\u00edklad\u016f by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 uv\u00e9st mnohem v\u00edce, ale o to nejde – r\u00e1di bychom v\u00e1s upozornili na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee tak rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la aplikac\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty p\u0159irozen\u011b vy\u017eaduje i jejich konstruk\u010dn\u00ed rozmanitost.<\/p>\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se proto budeme zab\u00fdvat konstrukc\u00ed a principem fungov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f. sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f teploty <\/strong><\/a>pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v elektronice.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Termistory<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mezi nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de teploty pat\u0159\u00ed termistory<\/strong><\/a>. Jak u\u017e n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, jedn\u00e1 se o (polovodi\u010dov\u00e9) rezistory, jejich\u017e odpor se v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na zm\u011bn\u011b teploty – co\u017e je p\u0159esn\u00fd opak klasick\u00fdch rezistor\u016f, od kter\u00fdch o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me co nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odpor bez ohledu na okoln\u00ed podm\u00ednky. Termistory se vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed ve dvou variant\u00e1ch: PTC<\/strong> (s kladn\u00fdm tepeln\u00fdm koeficientem, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee odpor se zvy\u0161uje s rostouc\u00ed teplotou) a NTC<\/strong> (se z\u00e1porn\u00fdm tepeln\u00fdm koeficientem, odpor se sni\u017euje s rostouc\u00ed teplotou).<\/p>\n

Velkou v\u00fdhodou termistor\u016f je jejich vysok\u00e1 citlivost<\/strong> (co\u017e zna\u010dn\u011b zjednodu\u0161uje konstrukci m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch obvod\u016f, kter\u00e9 s nimi pracuj\u00ed) a n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco nev\u00fdhodou je zna\u010dn\u00e1 nelinearita a sp\u00ed\u0161e pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 p\u0159esnost.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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NTC 110 10k\u03a9 5% termistor - 10ks.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Senzory RTD<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Senzory RTD, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako termorezistory,<\/strong> jsou prvky zalo\u017een\u00e9 na tenk\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, nanesen\u00e9 na keramick\u00e9m nebo sklen\u011bn\u00e9m substr\u00e1tu, nebo vyroben\u00e9 ve form\u011b dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9 spir\u00e1ly, nej\u010dast\u011bji z platiny, proto\u017ee to je kov, kter\u00fd vykazuje stabiln\u00ed odporov\u00e9 charakteristiky v z\u00e1vislosti na teplot\u011b, co\u017e se projevuje v p\u0159esnosti platinov\u00fdch termorezistor\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b ikonick\u00e9ho PT100, hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho mimo jin\u00e9 v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 automatizaci a laboratorn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch).<\/p>\n

Citlivost odporov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f je bohu\u017eel pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1,<\/strong> co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i dan\u00e9m zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty se odpor zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed jen o malou hodnotu – to vy\u017eaduje pou\u017eit\u00ed citliv\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f zalo\u017een\u00fdch na Wheatstoneov\u00fdch m\u016fstc\u00edch nebo ADC s vysok\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Termo\u010dl\u00e1nky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Termo\u010dl\u00e1nek MAX6675 - teplotn\u00ed \u010didlo SPI.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Termo\u010dl\u00e1nkov\u00e9 senzory<\/strong><\/a> vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed takzvan\u00fd Seebeck\u016fv jev<\/strong>, kdy rozd\u00edl teplot mezi dv\u011bma r\u016fzn\u00fdmi kovov\u00fdmi prvky spojen\u00fdmi dohromady vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 mal\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi ob\u011bma “elektrodami”. Na rozd\u00edl od odporov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f a termistor\u016f, termo\u010dl\u00e1nky<\/strong><\/a> jsou proto schopny generovat mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie, kter\u00e9 se nav\u00edc vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch technik\u00e1ch rekuperace energie zalo\u017een\u00fdch na tzv. termostatech.<\/p>\n

Konstrukce termo\u010dl\u00e1nku je trivi\u00e1ln\u011b jednoduch\u00e1 – na jednom konci jsou sva\u0159eny dva r\u016fzn\u00e9 kovov\u00e9 dr\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed bod. Rozd\u00edl teplot mezi termo\u010dl\u00e1nkem a druh\u00fdm (voln\u00fdm) koncem vodi\u010d\u016f se prom\u00edt\u00e1 do v\u00fdsledku m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed (nap\u011bt\u00ed jako funkce teploty) – to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed absolutn\u00ed hodnoty teploty v z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m bod\u011b pot\u0159ebujeme zn\u00e1t tak\u00e9 teplotu voln\u00fdch konc\u016f termo\u010dl\u00e1nku, co\u017e se v technick\u00e9m \u017eargonu ozna\u010duje jako “kompenzace studen\u00e9ho konce” \u010didla.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 senzory<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Modern\u00ed elektronick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed velmi \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed teplotn\u00ed senzory<\/strong><\/a>zalo\u017een\u00e9 na k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch struktur\u00e1ch, i kdy\u017e obvykle vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed teplotn\u00ed z\u00e1vislost vodivostn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed mikroskopick\u00e9 malosign\u00e1lov\u00e9 diody – na rozd\u00edl od termistor\u016f, kter\u00e9 reaguj\u00ed na zm\u011bnu teploty zm\u011bnou sv\u00e9ho odporu. Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de<\/strong> jsou ve skute\u010dnosti velmi \u0161irokou a rozmanitou kategori\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek, od jednoduch\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch extern\u00ed obvody pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu (zes\u00edlen\u00ed, linearizace a offset, tj. posun) a\u017e po integrovan\u00e9 sofistikovan\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de s digit\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdstupem, kter\u00e9 implementuj\u00ed automatick\u00e9 sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 procedury pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159esnosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kalibrace, automatick\u00e9ho nulov\u00e1n\u00ed atd. Tyto typy senzor\u016f komunikuj\u00ed s hostitelsk\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem (obvykle mikrokontrol\u00e9rem) prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm rozhran\u00ed I2C, SPI nebo 1-Wire.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pyrometry<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pyrometrick\u00e9 senzory<\/strong><\/a> (pyrometry) se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed ze st\u0159edn\u011b nebo daleko infra\u010derven\u00e9ho detektoru<\/strong>, kter\u00fd je schopen m\u011b\u0159it intenzitu tepeln\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9ho v\u0161emi objekty s teplotou nad absolutn\u00ed nulou. Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed se pak p\u0159evede na hodnotu teploty. P\u0159es n\u011bkter\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody (pyrometrick\u00e9 senzory vy\u017eaduj\u00ed stanoven\u00ed emisivity – parametru, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje p\u0159esnost m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a kter\u00fd se li\u0161\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy povrch\u016f) na\u0161ly infra\u010derven\u00e9 teplom\u011bry \u0159adu aplikac\u00ed v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, pr\u016fmyslu, stavebnictv\u00ed, technick\u00e9m dozoru, vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00edch<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bimetalov\u00e9 sp\u00edna\u010de<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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P\u0159esto\u017ee bimetalov\u00e9 sp\u00edna\u010de<\/strong> nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi klasick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed senzory, stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku d\u00edky sv\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 a spolehliv\u00e9 konstrukci. Ka\u017ed\u00fd “bimetal” je z v\u00fdroby nastaven na ur\u010ditou mezn\u00ed teplotu, p\u0159i jej\u00edm\u017e p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed se speci\u00e1ln\u00ed kontakty rozpoj\u00ed. Bimetalov\u00fd sp\u00edna\u010d je tedy jak\u00fdmsi termostatem<\/strong>, kter\u00fd d\u00edky sv\u00e9 chytr\u00e9 konstrukci kombinuje teplotn\u00ed \u010didlo, \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed syst\u00e9m a rel\u00e9<\/strong>. Bimetaly jsou mimo jin\u00e9 hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v dom\u00e1c\u00edch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch (trouby, \u017eehli\u010dky atd.), proto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed tak\u00e9 jednoduchou realizaci obvod\u016f pro ochranu spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f p\u0159ed p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00edm, nap\u0159. v d\u016fsledku poruchy topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sn\u00edma\u010de teploty p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou a r\u016fznorodou skupinu komponent – seznamte se s jejich typy, principem fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozsahem pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":74248,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[136,7,179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ciekawostki","category-elektronika","category-kompendium"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSn\u00edma\u010de teploty - co jsou a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sn\u00edma\u010de teploty p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou a r\u016fznorodou skupinu komponent - seznamte se s jejich typy, principem fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozsahem pou\u017eit\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/snimace-teploty-co-jsou-a-k-cemu-se-pouzivaji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sn\u00edma\u010de teploty - co jsou a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed? 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