{"id":74518,"date":"2023-12-25T14:00:35","date_gmt":"2023-12-25T13:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/oscyloskop-co-to-jest-i-do-czego-sluzy\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:02:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:02:18","slug":"osciloskop-co-to-je-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/osciloskop-co-to-je-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva\/","title":{"rendered":"Osciloskop – Co to je a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Osciloskop je jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f – je vhodn\u00e9 se d\u016fkladn\u011b sezn\u00e1mit s jeho konstrukc\u00ed a principem \u010dinnosti, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt mo\u017enost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edz\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Osciloskop<\/strong><\/a> je jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v elektronice, kter\u00fd zobrazuje v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v grafick\u00e9 podob\u011b<\/strong>. P\u0159esto\u017ee nyn\u00ed existuj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed multimetry<\/strong><\/a>komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9, nap\u0159. \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed multimetry vybaven\u00e9 funkcemi pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed trendov\u00fdch graf\u016f nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot (nebo statistik v podob\u011b histogramu), v\u011bt\u0161ina p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f je st\u00e1le ur\u010dena k zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch hodnot, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch nap\u0159. nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9mu odporu, nap\u011bt\u00ed nebo intenzit\u011b proudu. Naproti tomu osciloskop<\/strong> p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed zcela jinou mo\u017enost, kter\u00e1 je pro pr\u00e1ci elektronika nepostradateln\u00e1, nebo\u0165 umo\u017e\u0148uje zobrazit prom\u011bnn\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed (a s pou\u017eit\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch sond i proudy) ve form\u011b grafu, tedy p\u0159esn\u011b v t\u00e9 podob\u011b, jakou zn\u00e1me z u\u010debnic elektroniky a dal\u0161\u00edch odborn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Analogov\u00fd osciloskop - prototyp v\u0161ech modern\u00edch osciloskop\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Osciloskopy<\/strong><\/a> jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00edm diagnostick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro elektronick\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdry, konstrukt\u00e9ry, servisn\u00ed techniky nebo elektrik\u00e1\u0159e pracuj\u00edc\u00ed v automobilov\u00fdch diagnostick\u00fdch stanic\u00edch. Klasick\u00fd analogov\u00fd osciloskop<\/strong> – vyvinut\u00fd p\u0159ed des\u00edtkami let – pracuje tak, \u017ee vstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1l zobrazuje p\u0159\u00edmo na katodov\u00e9 obrazovce. Nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159iveden\u00e9 na m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed vstup je zes\u00edleno a nasm\u011brov\u00e1no na sadu vychylovac\u00edch elektrod, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00ed horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed a vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed polohu elektronov\u00e9ho paprsku na obrazovce osciloskopu.<\/p>\n

Vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchylka paprsku je \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 amplitud\u011b vstupn\u00edho sign\u00e1lu, zat\u00edmco horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed poloha skvrny je \u0159\u00edzena blokem tzv. \u010dasov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny<\/strong>, co\u017e je p\u0159esn\u00fd gener\u00e1tor pilovit\u00e9ho pr\u016fb\u011bhu, kter\u00fd je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za cyklick\u00e9 “vymet\u00e1n\u00ed” obrazovky s nastavitelnou frekvenc\u00ed. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem osciloskop vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed graf sign\u00e1lu v z\u00e1vislosti na \u010dase – fosforeskuj\u00edc\u00ed st\u00edn\u00edtko reaguje na bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed elektronov\u00fdm paprskem vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm bodov\u00e9ho sv\u011btla a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed viditeln\u00fd graf – \u010d\u00edm krat\u0161\u00ed je perioda \u010dasov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny, t\u00edm rychleji lze pomoc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zobrazit pr\u016fb\u011bhy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed osciloskop - nov\u00fd model, nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed osciloskop<\/strong><\/a>na rozd\u00edl od analogov\u00e9ho p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed vstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly p\u0159ed jejich zobrazen\u00edm na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed data<\/strong>. Vstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1l je nejprve vzorkov\u00e1n analogov\u011b-digit\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159evodn\u00edkem (ADC) v pravideln\u00fdch intervalech, ve skute\u010dnosti velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch – \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 osciloskopy jsou schopny m\u011b\u0159it vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed rychlost\u00ed des\u00edtek miliard za sekundu (!!). Odebran\u00e9 vzorky jsou pak ulo\u017eeny do digit\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011bti a zpracov\u00e1ny procesorem pro p\u0159esnou anal\u00fdzu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u00fdsledek se zobraz\u00ed na displeji z tekut\u00fdch krystal\u016f nebo se p\u0159enese do po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, nap\u0159. prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Ethernetu nebo p\u0159ipojen\u00ed USB.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Osciloskop Siglent SDS-1102CML+.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pou\u017eit\u00ed rychl\u00fdch a efektivn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch obvod\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt s m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi sign\u00e1ly \u0159adu velmi cenn\u00fdch operac\u00ed – u\u017eivatel m\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159., generovat frekven\u010dn\u00ed spektrum<\/strong> (re\u017eim anal\u00fdzy FFT), pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u016fzn\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed filtry, matematick\u00e9 operace.<\/strong> (nap\u0159. sign\u00e1ly s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed nebo n\u00e1soben\u00ed) a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prov\u00e1d\u011bt automatick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch parametr\u016f<\/strong> (nap\u0159. pr\u016fm\u011br, \u0161pi\u010dka-\u0161pi\u010dka, efektivn\u00ed hodnota, ale i perioda, frekvence, doba trv\u00e1n\u00ed impulzu, faktor pln\u011bn\u00ed, doba n\u00e1b\u011bhu a poklesu a des\u00edtky dal\u0161\u00edch veli\u010din, kter\u00e9 jsou pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci elektronika velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Analogov\u00fd nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00ed? Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed osciloskop\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch generac\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ob\u011b technologie osciloskop\u016f maj\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhody i nev\u00fdhody<\/strong>. Analogov\u00e9 osciloskopy jsou \u010dasto cen\u011bny pro svou “\u017eivou” odezvu<\/strong> a okam\u017eitou reakci na m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed se sign\u00e1ly, proto\u017ee vstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1l (po zes\u00edlen\u00ed) p\u0159\u00edmo \u0159\u00edd\u00ed polohu bodu na obrazovce. Bohu\u017eel to m\u00e1 i sv\u00e9 zna\u010dn\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody – velmi<\/strong> pomal\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly<\/strong> (\u0159\u00e1dov\u011b 1 Hz nebo m\u00e9n\u011b) se obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b zobrazuj\u00ed \u010diteln\u011b, proto\u017ee skvrna rychle miz\u00ed z obrazovky (u\u017eivatel tedy nevid\u00ed linii grafu, pouze pohyb mal\u00e9 sv\u011bteln\u00e9 skvrny). Je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1 u neperiodick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f<\/strong> – nap\u0159. jednotliv\u00fdch pulz\u016f, kter\u00e9 ru\u0161\u00ed \u010dinnost testovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Tyto nev\u00fdhody zcela chyb\u00ed u digit\u00e1ln\u00edch osciloskop\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed z\u00e1znamu sign\u00e1lu<\/strong> (jeho uchov\u00e1n\u00ed na obrazovce nebo “vyps\u00e1n\u00ed” do intern\u00ed pam\u011bti nebo na pam\u011b\u0165ovou kartu). U digit\u00e1ln\u00edch osciloskop\u016f je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti omezen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 omezenou vzorkovac\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed a rizikem aliasingu, kter\u00fd v\u00fdrazn\u011b zkresluje obraz velmi rychl\u00fdch periodick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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K \u010demu lze osciloskop pou\u017e\u00edt?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Jak jsme se ji\u017e zm\u00ednili, osciloskop umo\u017e\u0148uje pozorovat “tvar” periodick\u00fdch pr\u016fb\u011bh\u016f (a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00edch osciloskop\u016f tak\u00e9 nepravideln\u00fdch nebo dokonce jednor\u00e1zov\u00fdch impuls\u016f), co\u017e m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam p\u0159i diagnostice elektronick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/strong>. Proto jsou osciloskopy naprosto nepostradatelnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prototypov\u00fdch d\u00edlen, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch a v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch odd\u011blen\u00ed, servis\u016f elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, automobilov\u00fdch d\u00edlen<\/strong> nebo univerzitn\u00edch a komer\u010dn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

S pou\u017eit\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch sond je mo\u017en\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1vat nejen nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> v\u016f\u010di zemi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed a dokonce i pr\u016fb\u011bhy proudu<\/strong>, co\u017e je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na v aplikac\u00edch v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 elektroniky. Je t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee \u0161ikovn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed osciloskopu umo\u017e\u0148uje tak\u00e9 stanoven\u00ed charakteristik pasivn\u00edch a aktivn\u00edch filtr\u016f<\/strong> a dokonce i proudov\u011b-nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch charakteristik polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch prvk\u016f<\/strong> (nap\u0159. diod a tranzistor\u016f) – n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje jsou dokonce vybaveny speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi vestav\u011bn\u00fdmi gener\u00e1tory funkc\u00ed, zat\u00edmco v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b klasick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f lze k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu pou\u017e\u00edt extern\u00ed laboratorn\u00ed gener\u00e1tory. Modern\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed osciloskopy maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 vestav\u011bn\u00e9 funkce pro anal\u00fdzu dat na digit\u00e1ln\u00edch link\u00e1ch<\/strong>, nap\u0159. SPI, I2C nebo UART.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osciloskop je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm vybaven\u00edm ka\u017ed\u00e9ho elektronika – zjist\u011bte, jak\u00e9 jsou mo\u017enosti t\u011bchto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":74257,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74518","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika","category-kompendium"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOsciloskop - Co to je a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Osciloskop je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm vybaven\u00edm ka\u017ed\u00e9ho elektronika - zjist\u011bte, jak\u00e9 jsou mo\u017enosti t\u011bchto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/osciloskop-co-to-je-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Osciloskop - Co to je a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? 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