{"id":74552,"date":"2023-12-27T14:00:06","date_gmt":"2023-12-27T13:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/czujnik-co-to-jest-i-do-czego-sluzy\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:02:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:02:11","slug":"senzor-co-je-to-senzor-a-k-cemu-slouzi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/senzor-co-je-to-senzor-a-k-cemu-slouzi\/","title":{"rendered":"Senzor – Co je to senzor a k \u010demu slou\u017e\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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R\u016fzn\u00e9 senzory jsou dnes ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed – stoj\u00ed za to zn\u00e1t nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typy a rozsah jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Za\u010dn\u011bme z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi informacemi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Senzor<\/strong><\/a> – podle nejobecn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed definice sou\u010d\u00e1stka nebo modul, kter\u00fd je schopen p\u0159ijmout ur\u010dit\u00fd fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo chemick\u00fd impulz a p\u0159ev\u00e9st jej na u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1l<\/strong>, kter\u00fd lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u011b\u0159it, interpretovat nebo zpracovat a z\u00edskat tak informace o vlastnostech (nap\u0159. intenzit\u011b) tohoto impulsu. Samotn\u00fd v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1l – v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b senzor\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v elektronice – je bu\u010f “aktivn\u00ed” (nap\u011bt\u00ed nebo proud), nebo “pasivn\u00ed” (impulz ovliv\u0148uje odpor, induk\u010dnost nebo kapacitu senzoru a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9to zm\u011bny vy\u017eaduje dod\u00e1vku energie syst\u00e9mem pracuj\u00edc\u00edm se senzorem).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed typy senzor\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Na z\u00e1klad\u011b citovan\u00e9 definice m\u016f\u017eeme snadno p\u0159ej\u00edt ke stru\u010dn\u00e9mu popisu nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch parametr\u016f sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f – d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee v\u0161echny tyto parametry plat\u00ed pro naprostou v\u011bt\u0161inu senzorick\u00fdch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho senzoru je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b fyzick\u00e1 velikost,<\/strong> na kterou na\u0161e sou\u010d\u00e1stka reaguje. Na v\u00fdb\u011br je nespo\u010det parametr\u016f – teplota, vlhkost, rychlost ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed, line\u00e1rn\u00ed zrychlen\u00ed, intenzita sv\u011btla a jeho barva, vzd\u00e1lenost od p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, koncentrace plyn\u016f a jin\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, pH roztok\u016f, tlak, tah a mechanick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, proud\u011bn\u00ed kapalin a plyn\u016f, intenzita proudu a magnetick\u00e9ho pole a mnoho a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch – a ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich lze obvykle m\u011b\u0159it alespo\u0148 n\u011bkolika r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
DS18B20 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed 1vodi\u010dov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d teploty THT.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Senzory - metrologick\u00e9 parametry<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ji\u017e jsme se zm\u00ednili, \u017ee \u00fakolem senzoru je p\u0159ev\u00e9st jednu fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed veli\u010dinu na jinou, kterou lze v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b pohodln\u011b m\u011b\u0159it elektronick\u00fdm obvodem. Nen\u00ed proto t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pochopit, \u017ee jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed senzoru bude jeho citlivost<\/strong> – tedy parametr, kter\u00fd ur\u010duje, jak siln\u00e1 bude odezva senzoru na danou zm\u011bnu m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho parametru. <\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad porovn\u00e1n\u00ed dvou analogov\u00fdch teplotn\u00edch \u010didel<\/strong><\/a>m\u016f\u017eeme pro ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich ur\u010dit, jak\u00e1 zm\u011bna nap\u011bt\u00ed (nebo odporu) odpov\u00edd\u00e1 n\u00e1r\u016fstu nebo poklesu teploty nap\u0159\u00edklad o 1 o<\/span>C. Takov\u00e1 informace v\u0161ak bude sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u00fapln\u00e1 – proto\u017ee je je\u0161t\u011b nutn\u00e9 ur\u010dit, v jak\u00e9m teplotn\u00edm rozsahu m\u016f\u017ee senzor pracovat (nap\u0159. -40…+150 \u00b0C). o<\/span>C) a do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry je jeho odezva \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 zm\u011bn\u00e1m m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho parametru. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce se p\u0159echodov\u00e9 charakteristiky sn\u00edma\u010de bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmce (line\u00e1rn\u00ed funkci), t\u00edm l\u00e9pe – i kdy\u017e je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee jen m\u00e1lo sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f skute\u010dn\u011b reaguje \u00fam\u011brn\u011b testovan\u00e9mu podn\u011btu, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje pou\u017eit\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch analogov\u00fdch nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00edch technik, tzv. linearizace. <\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e dan\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d skute\u010dn\u011b vykazuje line\u00e1rn\u00ed charakteristiky, st\u00e1le pot\u0159ebujeme zn\u00e1t jeho p\u0159esnost – tj. maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed chybu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, se kterou je t\u0159eba za dan\u00fdch podm\u00ednek po\u010d\u00edtat (v jednotliv\u00fdch intervalech m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edho rozsahu nebo v cel\u00e9m rozsahu). U chemick\u00fdch senzor\u016f<\/strong> je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm parametrem tak\u00e9 selektivita. Elektrochemick\u00e9 senzory<\/strong> (a jin\u00e9) toti\u017e obvykle nereaguj\u00ed na jednu, ale na n\u011bkolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch slou\u010denin (nap\u0159. plyn\u016f) a selektivita je pr\u00e1v\u011b m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem toho, jak je dan\u00fd prvek odoln\u00fd v\u016f\u010di “ru\u0161en\u00ed” (fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed) v\u00fdsledku m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed jin\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch slou\u010denin, ne\u017e kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s nejv\u00edce zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Senzory parametr\u016f prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sn\u00edma\u010d p\u016fdn\u00ed vlhkosti.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Je nemo\u017en\u00e9 popsat – by\u0165 jen zhruba – v\u0161echny nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typy senzor\u016f<\/strong><\/a> (Sta\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee v Botland <\/strong><\/a>jich nab\u00edz\u00edme v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 200 a tento po\u010det neust\u00e1le roste!), proto se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na vybran\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady ze dvou oblast\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Senzory prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong> jsou \u0161irokou kategori\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echny senzory schopn\u00e9 sledovat veli\u010diny charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed podm\u00ednky nebo mikroklima v interi\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Do t\u00e9to skupiny tedy pat\u0159\u00ed v\u0161echny druhy sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f teploty<\/strong><\/a> (termistory<\/strong><\/a>termorezistory, odporov\u00e9 teplom\u011bry, termo\u010dl\u00e1nky, integrovan\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de<\/strong>), vlhkost<\/strong><\/a>, atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak<\/strong><\/a>a tak\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de osv\u011btlen\u00ed<\/strong><\/a> nebo specializovan\u00e9 UV senzory<\/strong><\/a>. V posledn\u00edch letech na\u0161ly r\u016fzn\u00e9 moduly ur\u010den\u00e9 k testov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161<\/strong><\/a>\u00ed tak\u00e9 mnoho praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o detekci pevn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic<\/strong> (PM10, PM2,5 a PM1,0) nebo o detekci specifick\u00fdch plyn\u016f<\/strong> (nap\u0159. toxick\u00fdch nebo ho\u0159lav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch slou\u010denin). Meteorologick\u00e9 stanice<\/strong><\/a> zahrnuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 senzory<\/strong><\/a> a moduly pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sm\u011bru a rychlosti v\u011btru<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Senzory pro automatizaci a robotiku<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mechatronick\u00e9 a automatiza\u010dn\u00ed aplikace<\/strong> ji\u017e vy\u017eaduj\u00ed pon\u011bkud odli\u0161nou sadu sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f, a\u010dkoli n\u011bkter\u00e9 z d\u0159\u00edve uveden\u00fdch komponent jsou nezbytn\u00e9 i ve specifick\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch (nap\u0159. sn\u00edma\u010de teploty a vlhkosti se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v automatizaci budov k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed nebo klimatiza\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad mobiln\u00ed a robotick\u00e9 roboty<\/strong> by nemohly existovat bez enkod\u00e9r\u016f<\/strong><\/a>, tj. p\u0159esn\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f rychlosti a sm\u011bru ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Naproti tomu balan\u010dn\u00ed roboti<\/strong> se nav\u00edc spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na \u00fadaje z akcelerometr\u016f<\/strong><\/a> a gyroskop\u016f<\/strong><\/a> (tj. tzv. inerci\u00e1ln\u00edch senzor\u016f), co\u017e jim umo\u017e\u0148uje udr\u017eovat vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed polohu bez ohledu na nerovnosti ter\u00e9nu a aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed parametry trajektorie jejich pohybu. Stejn\u00e9 senzory vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i drony<\/strong>, i kdy\u017e v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se ukazuje, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt tak\u00e9 magnetometry<\/strong><\/a> a sn\u00edma\u010de vzd\u00e1lenosti<\/strong><\/a> (nap\u0159. laserov\u00e9 d\u00e1lkom\u011bry LIDAR<\/strong><\/a>) i barometrick\u00e9 senzory,<\/strong><\/a> umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011b\u017enou kontrolu v\u00fd\u0161ky letu vzhledem k ter\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n

Mobiln\u00ed roboty jsou tak\u00e9 \u010dasto vybaveny ultrazvukov\u00fdmi d\u00e1lkom\u011bry<\/strong><\/a>, reflexn\u00edmi senzory<\/strong><\/a>(nap\u0159. pro detekci bl\u00edzk\u00fdch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek nebo detekci zna\u010den\u00ed na zemi), senzory proudu<\/strong><\/a> (pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu hnac\u00edch motor\u016f) a mnoho, mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch. Mechatronika je koneckonc\u016f technick\u00fdm oborem, kter\u00fd nejv\u00edce poh\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoj senzorick\u00fdch technologi\u00ed – v\u017edy\u0165 pr\u00e1v\u011b senzorick\u00e9 technologie poskytuj\u00ed modern\u00edm robot\u016fm obdobu na\u0161ich biologick\u00fdch smysl\u016f, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed orientovat se v okoln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Senzory jsou z\u00e1kladem modern\u00ed automatizace (a nejen to) – seznamte se s jejich typy, parametry a aplikacemi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":74284,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika","category-kompendium"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSenzor - Co je to senzor a k \u010demu slou\u017e\u00ed? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Senzory jsou z\u00e1kladem modern\u00ed automatizace (a nejen to) - seznamte se s jejich typy, parametry a aplikacemi.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/senzor-co-je-to-senzor-a-k-cemu-slouzi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Senzor - Co je to senzor a k \u010demu slou\u017e\u00ed? 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