{"id":74588,"date":"2024-01-02T14:00:06","date_gmt":"2024-01-02T13:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/czujniki-ruchu-czym-sa-i-do-czego-sluza\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:02:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:02:10","slug":"senzory-pohybu-co-jsou-to-a-k-cemu-se-pouzivaji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/senzory-pohybu-co-jsou-to-a-k-cemu-se-pouzivaji\/","title":{"rendered":"Senzory pohybu – Co jsou a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Zabezpe\u010dovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my, osv\u011btlen\u00ed m\u00edstnost\u00ed, kamerov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a dokonce i interaktivn\u00ed reklamn\u00ed syst\u00e9my – zjist\u011bte, kde v\u0161ude se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed modern\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de pohybu a jak funguj\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Detektory<\/span> pohybu<\/span><\/a> si v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s nejprve spoj\u00ed s mal\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 se obvykle instaluj\u00ed do roh\u016f m\u00edstnost\u00ed a jsou propojena se zabezpe\u010dovac\u00edmi syst\u00e9my. A p\u0159esto\u017ee ochrana proti vloup\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> je skute\u010dn\u011b jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00ed detektor\u016f pohybu, spektrum mo\u017en\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed t\u011bchto prvk\u016f rozhodn\u011b nekon\u010d\u00ed ochranou proti zlod\u011bj\u016fm. R\u016fzn\u00e9 typy senzor\u016f se od sebe z\u00e1sadn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed, a to jak z hlediska principu fungov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak i v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed a technick\u00fdch parametr\u016f. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech posta\u010d\u00ed trivi\u00e1ln\u011b jednoduch\u00fd detektor za (doslova) p\u00e1r korun, jindy je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s ur\u010dit\u00fdm stupn\u011bm vlastn\u00ed “inteligence”. V na\u0161em \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte, jak\u00e9 metody detekce pohybu m\u00e1 modern\u00ed elektronika k dispozici a jak je m\u016f\u017eete vyu\u017e\u00edt ve sv\u00fdch projektech.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Obecn\u00e9 principy detekce pohybu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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“Pohyb je \u017eivot” – toto zn\u00e1m\u00e9 r\u010den\u00ed sice dokonale popisuje z\u00e1klad mnoha fyziologick\u00fdch proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v \u017eiv\u00fdch organismech, ale je tak\u00e9 v\u00fdborn\u00fdm \u00favodem k pochopen\u00ed technologie rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnosti. Pr\u00e1v\u011b pohyb odli\u0161uje lidi (a zv\u00ed\u0159ata) od “pozad\u00ed” – ani p\u0159i up\u0159\u00edmn\u00e9 snaze nejsme schopni z\u016fstat p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho v naprost\u00e9m klidu, co\u017e by n\u00e1m znemo\u017e\u0148ovalo d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed nebo dynamika procesu aktivn\u00edho udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy (n\u00e1\u0161 mozek \u0159\u00edd\u00ed polohu t\u011bla pomoc\u00ed kostern\u00edho svalstva, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zp\u011btnou vazbu v podob\u011b sign\u00e1lu z bloudiv\u00e9ho nervu, tak\u017ee i kdy\u017e stoj\u00edme zcela nehybn\u011b, st\u00e1le vykon\u00e1v\u00e1me n\u011bjak\u00e9 drobn\u00e9, mimovoln\u00ed pohyby). V\u0161echny techniky, kter\u00e9 jsou schopny bezkontaktn\u011b detekovat zm\u011bny polohy objektu, lze tedy pou\u017e\u00edt k detekci osob v dan\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b, ale – co\u017e je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 – jedna z nich je vhodn\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b pro tento \u00fa\u010del, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 necitliv\u00e1 na v\u011bt\u0161inu ne\u017eiv\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ji\u017e tu\u0161\u00edte, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o metodu zalo\u017eenou na pasivn\u00edm infra\u010derven\u00e9m z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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PIR senzory - konstrukce a princip \u010dinnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Senzory PIR<\/strong><\/a> (z anglick\u00e9ho Passive InfraRed<\/em>) jsou zalo\u017eeny na speci\u00e1ln\u00edch optick\u00fdch detektorech, kter\u00e9 jsou citliv\u00e9 na z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e9<\/strong> oblasti (tj. elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny v rozsahu n\u011bkolika mikrometr\u016f). Pro n\u00e1s samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tento spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed rozsah zcela neviditeln\u00fd (schopnosti lidsk\u00e9ho oka kon\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na 750 nanometrech, tj. \u00be mikrometru), ale pro senzory PIR je st\u0159edn\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e1 oblast dokonale viditeln\u00e1. A pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto rozsahu se nach\u00e1z\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed generovan\u00e9 lidsk\u00fdm t\u011blem – pro p\u0159esnost je t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd objekt s teplotou nad 0 K (tj. tzv. absolutn\u00ed nula) produkuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v z\u00e1vislosti na teplot\u011b).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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PIR senzor pohybu HC-SR501 - zelen\u00fd - justPi.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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U senzor\u016f PIR v\u0161ak nen\u00ed ani tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka nebo intenzita vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9ho infra\u010derven\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, ale… zm\u011bna sign\u00e1lu ve vztahu k “chladn\u00e9mu” pozad\u00ed<\/strong> – pokud je objekt o teplot\u011b 37 o<\/span>C (\u010dlov\u011bk) se pohybuje nap\u0159\u00edklad proti zdi rychlost\u00ed 22 km\/h. o<\/span>C, bude senzor schopen “vid\u011bt” zm\u011bnu sign\u00e1lu – po vhodn\u00e9m zes\u00edlen\u00ed a prahov\u00e1n\u00ed (pomoc\u00ed kompar\u00e1toru) bude detektor generovat v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sign\u00e1l, kter\u00fd lze pou\u017e\u00edt nap\u0159\u00edklad k aktivaci popla\u0161n\u00e9 sir\u00e9ny nebo ke sp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed rel\u00e9 pro ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed schodi\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Senzor PIR tedy nebude reagovat nap\u0159\u00edklad na pohyb lopatek ventil\u00e1toru (kter\u00e9 jsou bl\u00edzko okoln\u00ed teploty), ale zjist\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost psa nebo ko\u010dky, kte\u0159\u00ed se pohybuj\u00ed v oblasti “sledovan\u00e9” detektorem. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee pohyb, kter\u00fd se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b ve sm\u011bru senzoru, m\u016f\u017ee z\u016fstat nepov\u0161imnut – proto\u017ee je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159esunout “tepl\u00fd objekt” z jedn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zorn\u00e9ho pole do druh\u00e9 (nap\u0159. zprava – doleva). To je pr\u00e1v\u011b jedna z hlavn\u00edch nev\u00fdhod senzor\u016f PIR.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Senzory pohybu zalo\u017een\u00e9 na Dopplerov\u011b jevu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Rakousk\u00fd fyzik Christian Andreas Doppler<\/strong> zjistil, \u017ee frekvence vln\u011bn\u00ed zdroje pohybuj\u00edc\u00edho se v\u016f\u010di statick\u00e9mu pozorovateli se m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na sm\u011bru a rychlosti pohybu. Tento jev plat\u00ed – co\u017e je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 – jak pro vlny akustick\u00e9<\/strong> (v\u010detn\u011b ultrazvukov\u00fdch), tak pro elektromagnetick\u00e9<\/strong>, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i detekci pohybu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ultrazvukov\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010d\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed piezoelektrick\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d paprsek vln o frekvenci vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka p\u00e1sma sly\u0161iteln\u00e1 pro \u010dlov\u011bka (obvykle kolem 40 kHz) – pokud se objekt (nap\u0159. \u010dlov\u011bk) p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ke sn\u00edma\u010di (nebo se od n\u011bj vzd\u00e1l\u00ed), vlny odra\u017een\u00e9 od jeho t\u011bla a vracej\u00edc\u00ed se do p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00edho sn\u00edma\u010de budou zaznamen\u00e1ny s m\u00edrn\u011b odli\u0161nou frekvenc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1kladem pro vyd\u00e1n\u00ed aktivn\u00edho stavu na v\u00fdstupu sn\u00edma\u010de. <\/p>\n

Mikrovlnn\u00e9 radary<\/strong> pracuj\u00ed na obdobn\u00e9m principu, ale v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1me m\u00edsto piezom\u011bni\u010d\u016f ant\u00e9ny a m\u00edsto ultrazvuku elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny o frekvenci n\u011bkolika a\u017e n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek gigahertz\u016f. V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech je detekce zalo\u017eena na odrazu vln, tak\u017ee pro detekci nen\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, zda se v poli sledovan\u00e9m senzorem pohybuje osoba nebo technick\u00fd objekt (nap\u0159. voz\u00edk nebo automobil).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Aplikace detektor\u016f pohybu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Jak jsme ji\u017e zm\u00ednili, detektory pohybu<\/strong><\/a> se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le aplikac\u00ed. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b popla\u0161n\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/strong> a ovlada\u010de pro u\u017eitkov\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed<\/strong> (osv\u011btlen\u00ed schodi\u0161t\u011b, kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bytku, toalet nebo chodeb). Senzory PIR a mikrovlnn\u00e9 radary se tak\u00e9 hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v regul\u00e1torech ventil\u00e1tor\u016f<\/strong>, klimatizac\u00edch<\/strong> nebo jin\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech dom\u00e1c\u00ed automatizace. Dal\u0161\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed pohybov\u00fdch senzor\u016f je v r\u016fzn\u00fdch reklamn\u00edch a interaktivn\u00edch multimedi\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9mech<\/strong> (nap\u0159. v muze\u00edch), kter\u00e9 se aktivuj\u00ed pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e se k nim p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci instituce nebo v\u00fdstavn\u00edho st\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zabezpe\u010dovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my, osv\u011btlen\u00ed m\u00edstnost\u00ed, kamerov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a dokonce i interaktivn\u00ed reklamn\u00ed syst\u00e9my – zjist\u011bte, kde v\u0161ude se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed modern\u00ed sn\u00edma\u010de pohybu a jak funguj\u00ed. Detektory pohybu si v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s nejprve spoj\u00ed s mal\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 se obvykle instaluj\u00ed do roh\u016f m\u00edstnost\u00ed a jsou propojena se zabezpe\u010dovac\u00edmi syst\u00e9my. A p\u0159esto\u017ee ochrana proti vloup\u00e1n\u00ed je skute\u010dn\u011b […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":74235,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika","category-kompendium"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSenzory pohybu - Co jsou a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jak funguj\u00ed senzory pohybu a k \u010demu je lze pou\u017e\u00edt? 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