{"id":75066,"date":"2024-01-04T14:00:23","date_gmt":"2024-01-04T13:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/barometr-co-to-jest-i-do-czego-sluzy\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:02:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:02:07","slug":"barometr-co-je-to-barometr-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/barometr-co-je-to-barometr-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva\/","title":{"rendered":"Barometr – Co je to barometr a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Barometry – p\u0159\u00edstroje vynalezen\u00e9 v 17. stolet\u00ed – pro\u0161ly v uplynul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem a staly se mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstrojem pro nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aplikace.<\/em><\/p>\n

Barometr<\/span><\/a> – jak n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e9 k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku<\/span>. Z hlediska konstrukce i technick\u00e9ho proveden\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od manometru<\/span> – p\u0159\u00edstroje, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje m\u011b\u0159it tlak v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch,<\/span> jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad du\u0161e j\u00edzdn\u00edch kol, pneumatiky automobil\u016f nebo pneumatick\u00e9 a hydraulick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. Barometr m\u011b\u0159\u00ed absolutn\u00ed tlak<\/span>, zat\u00edmco tlakom\u011bry m\u011b\u0159\u00ed tlak v syst\u00e9mu vzhledem k aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmu atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9mu tlaku<\/span> – toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b barometr\u016f a elektronick\u00fdch tlakom\u011br\u016f, proto\u017ee ur\u010duje typ pou\u017eit\u00e9ho sn\u00edma\u010de.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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N\u011bco m\u00e1lo o historii barometr\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V historii technologie m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku<\/strong> se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s \u0159adou r\u016fzn\u00fdch koncepc\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jevy. Snad nejstar\u0161\u00ed – a tak\u00e9 nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed – byly hydrostatick\u00e9 barometry<\/strong>, jejich\u017e z\u00e1kladem byla trubice napln\u011bn\u00e1 kapalinou (nap\u0159. rtut\u00ed). Prvn\u00ed takov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyvinul Evangelista Torricelli v 17. stolet\u00ed – rtu\u0165ov\u00fd barometr<\/strong> se skl\u00e1dal z vysok\u00e9 \u00fazk\u00e9 sklen\u011bn\u00e9 trubice s jedn\u00edm koncem uzav\u0159en\u00fdm a druh\u00fdm otev\u0159en\u00fdm a pono\u0159en\u00fdm do n\u00e1doby se rtut\u00ed. Princip p\u0159\u00edstroje byl velmi jednoduch\u00fd – kdy\u017e se zv\u00fd\u0161il atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak, vytla\u010dila se rtu\u0165 z n\u00e1doby do trubice a hladina kapaliny v kapil\u00e1\u0159e se zv\u00fd\u0161ila. Jak tlak klesal, rtu\u0165 klesala zp\u011bt do n\u00e1doby. D\u00e9lka rtu\u0165ov\u00e9ho sloupce ve zkumavce byla proto m\u00edrou atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku, odtud poch\u00e1z\u00ed historick\u00e1 (i kdy\u017e dodnes \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1, nap\u0159. p\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed krevn\u00edho tlaku) jednotka – milimetr rtu\u0165ov\u00e9ho sloupce (mmHg).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Rtu\u0165ov\u00e9 barometry p\u0159estaly b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli toxicit\u011b rtuti<\/strong> – v pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch (a jin\u00fdch) aplikac\u00edch je nahradily tzv. aneroidn\u00ed manometry<\/strong>, jejich\u017e srdcem je vypoukl\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 komora z tenk\u00e9ho a pru\u017en\u00e9ho plechu. <\/p>\n

V t\u00e9to hermeticky uzav\u0159en\u00e9 a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b od\u010derpan\u00e9 komo\u0159e je tedy \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 vakuum, kter\u00e9 poskytuje jakousi referen\u010dn\u00ed hodnotu pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku okoln\u00edho vzduchu. M\u00edsto toho je k aneroidn\u00ed kapsli p\u0159ipojen jemn\u00fd p\u0159esn\u00fd mechanismus, kter\u00fd je pomoc\u00ed p\u00e1kov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu spojen s \u010d\u00edseln\u00edkov\u00fdm indik\u00e1torem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Zm\u011bna atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku zp\u016fsobuje deformaci aneroidn\u00ed kapsle – p\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed tlaku se kapsle sbal\u00ed (smr\u0161t\u00ed), zat\u00edmco pokles tlaku zp\u016fsob\u00ed jej\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. Tyto jemn\u00e9 pohyby kapsle se pak p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed na ukazatel p\u0159\u00edstroje, kter\u00fd se pohybuje po barometrick\u00e9 stupnici.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Barometry hodn\u00e9 21. stolet\u00ed - digit\u00e1ln\u00ed senzory MEMS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Z pohledu elektronika jsou v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 konstrukce atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch tlakom\u011br\u016f sp\u00ed\u0161e historickou kuriozitou – dnes jsou miliony za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vybaveny miniaturn\u00edmi sn\u00edma\u010di tlaku o velikosti n\u011bkolika milimetr\u016f<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny na nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mikromechanick\u00e9 technologii (MEMS)<\/strong> a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edho sign\u00e1lu prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed elektronicky.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy v\u0161ak z\u016fstaly stejn\u00e9 – i dne\u0161n\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 senzory jsou vybaveny mikroskopick\u00fdmi komorami obsahuj\u00edc\u00edmi ur\u010dit\u00fd druh “pneumatick\u00e9 reference”<\/strong> (vakua) – p\u0159esn\u011b jako v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e1 aneroidn\u00ed komora.<\/strong> M\u00edsto plechovky v\u0161ak m\u00e1me supertenkou membr\u00e1nu, do kter\u00e9 je integrov\u00e1n jemn\u00fd senzorov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Ke sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed odchylek membr\u00e1ny lze pou\u017e\u00edt jak kapacitn\u00ed techniky<\/strong> (zm\u011bna kapacity v d\u016fsledku p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nebo odd\u00e1len\u00ed dvou ploch ur\u010dit\u00e9ho kondenz\u00e1toru), tak piezorezistivn\u00ed<\/strong> techniky (tlak membr\u00e1ny na sn\u00edma\u010d zp\u016fsobuje zm\u011bnu odporu prvk\u016f, co\u017e pon\u011bkud p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 klasick\u00e9 tenzometry).<\/p>\n

Cel\u00fd “m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed syst\u00e9m” je uzav\u0159en v mal\u00e9m pouzd\u0159e spolu s integrovan\u00fdm obvodem, kter\u00fd je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za zes\u00edlen\u00ed, digitalizaci (A\/C p\u0159evod), linearizaci, teplotn\u00ed kompenzaci a nakonec za p\u0159evod v\u00fdsledku do podoby pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro u\u017eivatele.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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BMP280 - digit\u00e1ln\u00ed barometr, sn\u00edma\u010d tlaku 110 kPa I2C\/SPI 3,3 V.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V\u011bt\u0161ina barometrick\u00fdch \u010didel komunikuje s mikrokontrol\u00e9rem<\/strong><\/a> prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm s\u00e9riov\u00e9ho rozhran\u00ed I2C nebo SPI<\/strong> a n\u011bkter\u00e9 dokonce umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed volbu jednoho z t\u011bchto dvou typ\u016f p\u0159ipojen\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9ho vstupn\u00edho pinu<\/strong> – takov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uje pou\u017eit\u00ed senzor\u016f v projektech zalo\u017een\u00fdch na libovoln\u00e9 hardwarov\u00e9 platform\u011b. Dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem modern\u00edho sn\u00edma\u010de tlaku je syst\u00e9m BMP280<\/strong><\/a> Zna\u010dka Bosch – tento kompaktn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, uzav\u0159en\u00fd v kovov\u00e9m pouzd\u0159e o rozm\u011brech pouze 2,0 x 2,5 x 0,95 mm<\/strong> nab\u00edz\u00ed rozsah m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed 300 a\u017e 1100 hPa<\/strong> a relativn\u00ed p\u0159esnost\u00ed +\/-0,12 hPa a absolutn\u00ed p\u0159esnost\u00ed +\/-1 hPa.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Aplikace barometrick\u00fdch senzor\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hlavn\u00ed skupinou aplikac\u00ed barometrick\u00fdch senzor\u016f<\/strong><\/a> jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku – tedy v\u0161echny druhy meteorologick\u00fdch stanic<\/strong><\/a> (dom\u00e1c\u00edch i profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch) a distribuovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1vislost atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku vzduchu na v\u00fd\u0161ce nad zem\u00ed se naopak hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011brech<\/strong> – profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed cyklist\u00e9 i amat\u00e9r\u0161t\u00ed jezdci na horsk\u00fdch kolech pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky k ur\u010den\u00ed celkov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky stoup\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed, \u017ee sn\u00edma\u010de atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku<\/strong><\/a> jsou tak\u00e9 velmi cenn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem v rukou konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f letov\u00fdch \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch jednotek pro bezpilotn\u00ed drony – schopnost p\u0159esn\u011b sn\u00edmat v\u00fd\u0161ku nad zem\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje nejen zv\u00fd\u0161it bezpe\u010dnost letu (a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1konn\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f pro danou kategorii leteck\u00fdch mis\u00ed), ale tak\u00e9 usnad\u0148uje n\u011bkter\u00e9 man\u00e9vry, jako je automatick\u00fd n\u00e1vrat na z\u00e1kladnu nebo samovoln\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed. Barometrick\u00e9 senzory mohou v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech dokonale podpo\u0159it laserov\u00e9 d\u00e1lkom\u011bry<\/strong><\/a>proto\u017ee na rozd\u00edl od nich nejsou citliv\u00e9 na objekty na zemi (nap\u0159. budovy nebo stromy).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Barometrick\u00e9 senzory se hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech pou\u017eit\u00ed – zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o jejich konstrukci, v\u00fdkonu a praktick\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":74390,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika","category-kompendium"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBarometr - Co je to barometr a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Barometrick\u00e9 senzory se hojn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech pou\u017eit\u00ed - zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o jejich konstrukci, v\u00fdkonu a praktick\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/barometr-co-je-to-barometr-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Barometr - Co je to barometr a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? 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