{"id":76182,"date":"2024-01-14T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/dioda-led-co-to-jest-i-do-czego-sluzy\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:01:52","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:01:52","slug":"led-dioda-co-je-to-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/led-dioda-co-je-to-a-k-cemu-se-pouziva\/","title":{"rendered":"Led dioda – Co je to a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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LED diody zp\u016fsobily revoluci v modern\u00ed elektronice a staly se hlavn\u00edm zdrojem sv\u011btla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech technologick\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch – proto stoj\u00ed za to se o t\u011bchto prvc\u00edch dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce.<\/em><\/p>\n

Elektroluminiscen\u010dn\u00ed dioda<\/strong> (LED) je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed typ polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 diody, kter\u00e1 p\u0159i pr\u016fchodu elektrick\u00e9ho proudu vyza\u0159uje sv\u011btlo. Dnes v\u00e1m poskytneme p\u0159ehled nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed o LED diod\u00e1ch – za\u010dneme jejich strukturou a principem fungov\u00e1n\u00ed (na \u00farovni polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 struktury) a pot\u00e9 p\u0159ejdeme k praktick\u00fdm \u00favah\u00e1m o nap\u00e1jen\u00ed LED diod a nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm aplikac\u00edm t\u011bchto u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Konstrukce a princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed LED diody<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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LED dioda<\/strong><\/a>se stejn\u011b jako ka\u017ed\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e1 dioda skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu: typu n<\/strong> (s v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00fdmi nosi\u010di v podob\u011b elektron\u016f) a typu p<\/strong> (v n\u011bm\u017e jsou v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00fdmi nosi\u010di tzv. d\u00edry). Kdy\u017e se tyto dva materi\u00e1ly spoj\u00ed, vytvo\u0159\u00ed oblast naz\u00fdvanou bari\u00e9rov\u00e1 vrstva<\/strong>. V takto zkonstruovan\u00e9m polovodi\u010dov\u00e9m p\u0159echodu se nosi\u010de n\u00e1boje z obou stran p\u0159echodu (elektrony z oblasti typu n a d\u00edry z oblasti typu p) vz\u00e1jemn\u011b kombinuj\u00ed v procesu zvan\u00e9m z\u00e1\u0159iv\u00e1 rekombinace.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kdy\u017e elektron<\/strong> (kter\u00fd je na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed energetick\u00e9 hladin\u011b) rekombinuje s d\u00edrou<\/strong> (na ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed energetick\u00e9 hladin\u011b), “p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e1” energie se uvoln\u00ed ve form\u011b sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho kvanta neboli fotonu<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed tedy divu, \u017ee barva sv\u011btla vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9ho LED diodou z\u00e1vis\u00ed na rozd\u00edlu energi\u00ed mezi t\u011bmito hladinami, kter\u00fd je v praxi d\u00e1n pou\u017eit\u00edm vhodn\u00e9ho polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad GaAs<\/strong> (arsenid galia) m\u016f\u017ee vyza\u0159ovat sv\u011btlo v infra\u010derven\u00e9 oblasti, zat\u00edmco GaN<\/strong> (nitrid galia) je schopen vyza\u0159ovat modr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo.<\/p>\n


<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sada 5mm LED diod - justPi - 30ks.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Stoj\u00ed za to v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee manipulac\u00ed s polovodi\u010dov\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem a dopov\u00e1n\u00edm lze dos\u00e1hnout LED diod,<\/strong> kter\u00e9 vyza\u0159uj\u00ed sv\u011btlo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v jak\u00e9koli barv\u011b. B\u00edl\u00e9 diody<\/strong> jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed skupinou – jejich sv\u011btlo je kombinac\u00ed modr\u00e9 diodov\u00e9<\/strong> struktury se speci\u00e1ln\u00edm \u017elut\u00fdm luminoforem<\/strong> (odtud snadn\u00e9 rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed b\u00edl\u00fdch LED podle… \u017elut\u00e9ho vzhledu polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 struktury).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed LED - s\u00e9riov\u00fd rezistor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxi se na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nemus\u00edte zab\u00fdvat ot\u00e1zkami materi\u00e1lu pou\u017eit\u00fdch LED diod. Aby se dioda rozsv\u00edtila<\/strong>, sta\u010d\u00ed ji p\u0159ipojit ke zdroji stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 polarit\u011b<\/strong> (tj. anodu ke kladn\u00e9mu p\u00f3lu zdroje nap\u011bt\u00ed a katodu k z\u00e1porn\u00e9mu p\u00f3lu) a propustit j\u00ed proud. Jak\u00e9 parametry nap\u00e1jen\u00ed je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba zajistit, aby n\u00e1\u0161 energeticky \u00fasporn\u00fd sv\u011bteln\u00fd zdroj plnil svou \u00falohu bezpe\u010dn\u011b a z\u00e1rove\u0148 efektivn\u011b?<\/p>\n

Nejprve je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zku, s jak\u00fdm typem diody<\/strong> m\u00e1me vlastn\u011b do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina n\u00edzkov\u00fdkonov\u00fdch diod<\/strong> – jak v pr\u016fchoz\u00edch krytech<\/strong> (nap\u0159. kruhov\u00fdch o pr\u016fm\u011bru 3 mm, 5 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, ale i obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fdch 2×5 mm), tak v krytech pro povrchovou mont\u00e1\u017e<\/strong> (nap\u0159. velikost 1206) – m\u016f\u017ee pracovat s trval\u00fdm proudem a\u017e 20 mA<\/strong>. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u00fdjimky – nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u011bkter\u00e9 infra\u010derven\u00e9 (IR) LED diody<\/strong><\/a> jsou schopny “vydr\u017eet” vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vodivostn\u00ed proudy. St\u0159edn\u011b v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 a vysokov\u00fdkonn\u00e9 LED diody<\/strong> (0,5 W, 1 W, 2 W, 5 W atd.), stejn\u011b jako moduly COB LED<\/strong>, ji\u017e vy\u017eaduj\u00ed proudy od p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 350 mA<\/strong> a\u017e po mnoho amp\u00e9r\u016f<\/strong>. T\u00edm v\u0161ak rozd\u00edly nekon\u010d\u00ed – jednotliv\u00e9 komponenty maj\u00ed b\u011bhem provozu tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> – nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> (n\u011bco m\u00e1lo p\u0159es 1 V) maj\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e9 LED diody, zat\u00edmco \u010derven\u00e9 LED diody vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,8 V<\/strong> a b\u00edl\u00e9 LED diody –3 V<\/strong> nebo v\u00edce (zejm\u00e9na u modul\u016f COB).<\/p>\n

Opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my LED<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi diodami s n\u00edzk\u00fdm a st\u0159edn\u00edm\/velk\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem lze identifikovat v doporu\u010den\u00e9m pracovn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>. LED diody s n\u00edzkou spot\u0159ebou energie mohou \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b fungovat, pokud jsou nap\u00e1jeny z zdroje stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> (Vs), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e proud je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy omezen pomoc\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u00e9ho rezistora<\/strong><\/a> s hodnotou vypo\u010dtenou tak, aby p\u0159i dan\u00e9m vodivostn\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed diody (Vf) rozd\u00edl obou nap\u011bt\u00ed (Vs-Vf) vyvolal na odporu s\u00e9riov\u00e9ho rezistoru (R) proud o intenzit\u011b, kterou chceme z\u00edskat (If). A t\u00edmto jednoduch\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem dojdeme ke vzorci, podle kter\u00e9ho lze vypo\u010d\u00edtat hodnotu tohoto rezistoru:<\/p>\n

R = (Vs-Vf) \/ If.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm proudem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b LED diody<\/strong><\/a> s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdkonem je situace bohu\u017eel slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a probl\u00e9m vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z tepeln\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed polovodi\u010d\u016f. Kdy\u017e strukturou LED prot\u00e9k\u00e1 proud, vyza\u0159uje LED ur\u010dit\u00fd ztr\u00e1tov\u00fd v\u00fdkon (P) P=Vf*If<\/strong>. Uvoln\u011bn\u00ed energie zp\u016fsob\u00ed zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed konstrukce a t\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed jej\u00ed vodiv\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Pokud by takov\u00e1 dioda byla nap\u00e1jena zdrojem konstantn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed se s\u00e9riov\u00fdm omezovac\u00edm rezistorem, pokles Vf zp\u016fsob\u00ed… n\u00e1r\u016fst vodivostn\u00edho proudu (If). Tento proces by v lep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vedl k pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty diody (co\u017e by dlouhodob\u011b zkr\u00e1tilo jej\u00ed \u017eivotnost), v hor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b k jej\u00edmu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u00e9mu vyho\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 LED diody<\/strong> a moduly COB LED<\/strong> vy\u017eaduj\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed konstantn\u00edm proudem, tj. \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd zdroj proudu. Tento typ obvodu “hl\u00edd\u00e1”, aby hodnota proudu byla st\u00e1le stejn\u00e1, a to vhodnou manipulac\u00ed s v\u00fdstupn\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00edm<\/strong>. Stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed je nejlep\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak zajistit bezpe\u010dn\u00fd a stabiln\u00ed provoz v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch LED diod, a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se standardn\u011b v r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech osv\u011btlovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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LED diody RGB<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Kombinace t\u0159\u00ed struktur LED v z\u00e1kladn\u00edch barv\u00e1ch – \u010derven\u00e9, zelen\u00e9 a modr\u00e9<\/strong> – se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 diodou RGB LED<\/strong><\/a>. Prvky tohoto typu lze dnes naj\u00edt doslova v\u0161ude a jejich velkou v\u00fdhodou je mo\u017enost z\u00edskat (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b) jakoukoli barvu – sta\u010d\u00ed jen vhodn\u011b zvolit proudy jednotliv\u00fdch diod. Na tomto principu funguj\u00ed mj. n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 reklamn\u00ed obrazovky a televize na koncertech, kter\u00e9 zobrazuj\u00ed vysoce kvalitn\u00ed grafiku a videoz\u00e1znamy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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LED diody RGB<\/span><\/a> lze nal\u00e9zt tak\u00e9 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch osv\u011btlovac\u00edch modulech, inteligentn\u00edch \u017e\u00e1rovk\u00e1ch nebo p\u00e1sech, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad k \u00fa\u010del\u016fm pro osv\u011btlen\u00ed n\u00e1bytkov\u00fdch prvk\u016f a reklamn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LED diody jsou synonymem modern\u00edho, energeticky \u00fasporn\u00e9ho a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed. Zjist\u011bte, jak funguj\u00ed a jak jsou tyto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 komponenty konstruov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":74643,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika","category-kompendium"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLed dioda - Co je to a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"LED diody jsou synonymem modern\u00edho, energeticky \u00fasporn\u00e9ho a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed. 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