{"id":92447,"date":"2019-11-05T08:26:32","date_gmt":"2019-11-05T07:26:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/tranzystory-bipolarne-jak-to-dziala\/"},"modified":"2024-10-11T07:37:49","modified_gmt":"2024-10-11T05:37:49","slug":"bipolarni-tranzistory-co-jsou-zac-jak-funguji-vysvetleni-pro-zacatecniky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/bipolarni-tranzistory-co-jsou-zac-jak-funguji-vysvetleni-pro-zacatecniky\/","title":{"rendered":"Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory &#8211; co jsou za\u010d? Jak funguj\u00ed? Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 9<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"92447\" class=\"elementor elementor-92447 elementor-2049\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b9308e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b9308e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3058919c\" data-id=\"3058919c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d368d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d368d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Jen m\u00e1lokter\u00fd elektronik si dnes vzpomene na dobu, kdy byl jednoduch\u00fd <a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/92-bipolarni-tranzistory\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistor<\/a> drah\u00fdm zbo\u017e\u00edm a elektronice &#8211; a\u0165 u\u017e \u0161lo o audio, \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed, l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 nebo m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje &#8211; vl\u00e1dly ned\u011bliteln\u011b elektronky. <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Po vyn\u00e1lezu a zpopularizov\u00e1n\u00ed bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru za\u010dal obrovsk\u00fd technologick\u00fd skok s dalekos\u00e1hl\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky. Brzy pot\u00e9, co se v elektronice &#8220;prosadily&#8221; diskr\u00e9tn\u00ed (jednoduch\u00e9) tranzistory, do\u0161lo k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tranzistor\u016f. <b><a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/21-integrovane-obvody\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f<\/a><\/b>. V\u0161echny obsahovaly ve sv\u00e9 struktu\u0159e p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tranzistory.   <\/p>\n<p>Jak vypad\u00e1 tranzistor? Je vyroben jako jedna k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e1 desti\u010dka, kter\u00e1 je \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vylept\u00e1na slo\u017eit\u00fdm technologick\u00fdm procesem. Ten se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v m\u00edstnostech, jejich\u017e \u010distota nem\u00e1 v jin\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch oborech obdoby. Tak tomu z\u016fstalo dodnes &#8211; i kdy\u017e tyto sou\u010d\u00e1stky u\u017e d\u00e1vno ustoupily tranzistor\u016fm s polem, kter\u00e9 jsou v mnoha ohledech lep\u0161\u00ed (hlavn\u011b v oblasti <a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/91-unipolarni-tranzistory-mosfet\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"><b>MOSFET<\/b><\/a>), star\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory jsou st\u00e1le siln\u00e9. Pr\u00e1v\u011b jim jsme v\u011bnovali tento \u010dl\u00e1nek. Pokud s elektronikou teprve za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1te, dozv\u00edte se zde, jak tranzistor funguje (jin\u00fdmi slovy: co d\u011bl\u00e1), k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a jak ho zapojit v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch.     <\/p>\n<p>Pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed unipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory, pod\u00edvejte se pod obr\u00e1zky n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ae88de elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0ae88de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/24-tranzistory\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Tranzistory - Pod\u00edvejte se na nab\u00eddku<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac77c2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac77c2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-016d067\" data-id=\"016d067\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9064c8 elementor-grid-1 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"b9064c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:35,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-90554 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-elektronika-cs category-kompendium-cs\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/unipolarni-tranzistory-mosfet-co-jsou-zac-jak-funguji-vysvetleni-pro-zacatecniky\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new2023-wszystkie_mosfet-768x384.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-60092\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new2023-wszystkie_mosfet-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new2023-wszystkie_mosfet-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new2023-wszystkie_mosfet-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/new2023-wszystkie_mosfet.jpg 1510w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"termsbagdes\">\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"post-bage-link\" href=\"\/blog\/category\/elektronika\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\" style=\"background-color: #485c7a\">Elektronika<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"post-bage-link\" href=\"\/blog\/category\/kompendium\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\" style=\"background-color: \">Kompendium<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n\t\t\t<img data-del=\"avatar\" alt=\"Maciej Chmiel\" src='https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/logo_kolor_WP_3-1-150x150.png' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-128 photo ' height='128' width='128'\/>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/unipolarni-tranzistory-mosfet-co-jsou-zac-jak-funguji-vysvetleni-pro-zacatecniky\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\tUnipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory (MOSFET) &#8211; co jsou za\u010d? Jak funguj\u00ed? Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/unipolarni-tranzistory-mosfet-co-jsou-zac-jak-funguji-vysvetleni-pro-zacatecniky\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Unipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory (MOSFET) &#8211; co jsou za\u010d? Jak funguj\u00ed? Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\tP\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si v\u00edce \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a228\" data-id=\"ee1a228\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746251e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"746251e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/mosfet.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-57155\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/mosfet.jpg 250w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/mosfet-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Unipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory MOSFET<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a5834 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e3a5834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/24-tranzistory\" target=\"_blank\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">POD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b164fe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b164fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727687e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727687e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kdybychom m\u011bli definovat funkci a \u00fa\u010del bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru jednou stru\u010dnou v\u011btou, zn\u011blo by to takto:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3998fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f3998fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"115\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/tranzystor-bipolarny-300x115.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-53782\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/tranzystor-bipolarny-300x115.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/tranzystor-bipolarny-768x295.jpg 768w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/tranzystor-bipolarny-1024x393.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/tranzystor-bipolarny-640x246.jpg 640w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/tranzystor-bipolarny.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5687ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5687ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>&#8220;Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistor je t\u0159\u00edkoncov\u00fd polovodi\u010dov\u00fd prvek schopn\u00fd zesilovat proud.&#8221;<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bd268a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bd268a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Co to ale znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sou\u010d\u00e1stka (nebo obvod) zesiluje sign\u00e1l? Tato v\u011bta by nem\u011bla b\u00fdt ch\u00e1p\u00e1na tak, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 tranzistor n\u011bjak\u00fdm z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem &#8220;p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1&#8221; energii a generuje nap\u0159\u00edklad jeden amp\u00e9r v\u00fdstupn\u00edho proudu p\u0159i dod\u00e1vce ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho proudu.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96eddb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f96eddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tranzistor - princip \u010dinnosti\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-802dacc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"802dacc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pravda je jin\u00e1: tranzistor &#8220;propou\u0161t\u00ed&#8221; v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed proud (ze zdroje), kdy\u017e je \u0159\u00edzen mnohem men\u0161\u00edm proudem. To umo\u017e\u0148uje ovl\u00e1dat z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e (nap\u0159. ak\u010dn\u00ed \u010dlen &#8211; rel\u00e9, motor, <b><a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/800-elektromagnety\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">elektromagnet<\/a><\/b>\u017e\u00e1rovku nebo LED diodu <b><a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/467-led-osvetleni\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">LED<\/a><\/b>) pomoc\u00ed mal\u00e9ho proudu p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9ho nap\u0159. portem v elektrom\u011bru. portu <b><a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/388-mikrokontrolery-stm32\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">mikrokontrol\u00e9ru<\/a><\/b>. Pomoc\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch obvodov\u00fdch trik\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 postavit velmi slu\u0161n\u00fd zvukov\u00fd p\u0159edzesilova\u010d nebo dokonce&#8230; solidn\u00ed v\u00fdkonov\u00fd zesilova\u010d pomoc\u00ed bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1f7dfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1f7dfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ne\u017e v\u0161ak p\u0159ejdeme k popisu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch aplikac\u00ed, seznamme se s na\u0161\u00edm hlavn\u00edm hrdinou trochu bl\u00ed\u017ee. To se bude t\u00fdkat jak jeho anatomie, tak i jeho schopnost\u00ed a&#8230; n\u011bkter\u00fdch nev\u00fdhod, kter\u00e9 se &#8211; navzdory rozvoji polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 technologie &#8211; bohu\u017eel nepoda\u0159ilo odstranit. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-582e0ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"582e0ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Konstrukce bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-43257d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"43257d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ea7e8e\" data-id=\"6ea7e8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32809ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32809ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory obsahuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m pouzd\u0159e k\u0159em\u00edkovou (d\u0159\u00edve germaniovou) desti\u010dku, jej\u00ed\u017e struktura byla b\u011bhem v\u00fdrobn\u00edho procesu upravena takzvan\u00fdm &#8220;dopov\u00e1n\u00edm&#8221;, tj. zm\u011bnou mikrostruktury z\u00e1kladn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu tak, aby vznikly t\u0159i sousedn\u00ed oblasti s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi nosi\u010di proudu. Struktura byla ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edm procesu modifikov\u00e1na tzv. dopov\u00e1n\u00edm, tj. zm\u011bnou mikrostruktury z\u00e1kladn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu tak, aby vznikly t\u0159i sousedn\u00ed oblasti, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed typem proudov\u00fdch nosi\u010d\u016f. Pokud maj\u00ed dv\u011b krajn\u00ed oblasti p\u0159ebytek elektron\u016f (tj. z\u00e1porn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f) a centr\u00e1ln\u00ed oblast p\u0159ebytek tzv. d\u011br (tj. z\u00e1porn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f), pak budou m\u00edt ob\u011b krajn\u00ed oblasti p\u0159ebytek elektron\u016f (tj. z\u00e1porn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f). &#8220;Pokud maj\u00ed dv\u011b krajn\u00ed oblasti p\u0159ebytek elektron\u016f (z\u00e1porn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f) a st\u0159edn\u00ed oblast m\u00e1 p\u0159ebytek tzv. d\u011br (kladn\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f), hovo\u0159\u00edme o tranzistoru NPN.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666d8c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"666d8c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jinak m\u00e1me co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed s tranzistorem PNP, kter\u00fd se od sv\u00e9ho p\u0159edch\u016fdce li\u0161\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u0161echny proudy, kter\u00e9 j\u00edm prot\u00e9kaj\u00ed, a nap\u011bt\u00ed na svork\u00e1ch tranzistoru sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b proti sob\u011b. Strukturu tranzistoru si m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edstavit jako sendvi\u010d, v n\u011bm\u017e m\u00e1me mezi dv\u011bma pl\u00e1tky chleba tenk\u00fd pl\u00e1tek \u0161unky nebo s\u00fdra. Pod\u00edvejme se na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed sch\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m o tranzistorech prozrad\u00ed mnoh\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se dozv\u00edme nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vlastnosti a parametry.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-92c4697\" data-id=\"92c4697\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9ffee4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d9ffee4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"198\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tranzystor-budowa-198x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-57153\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tranzystor-budowa-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tranzystor-budowa-675x1024.jpg 675w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tranzystor-budowa-768x1165.jpg 768w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tranzystor-budowa.jpg 844w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Zde je tvar bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru, kter\u00fd jste mo\u017en\u00e1 u\u017e n\u011bkde vid\u011bli. Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistor se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed ramen: E - emitor tranzistoru (1), B - b\u00e1ze tranzistoru (2), C - kolektor tranzistoru (3).  <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a253828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a253828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Takov\u00e1 trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed analogie d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl &#8211; centr\u00e1ln\u00ed oblast ve struktu\u0159e bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru je ve skute\u010dnosti velmi tenk\u00e1 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ob\u011bma oblastmi kolem n\u00ed. Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed oblast p\u0159ipojen\u00e1 k v\u00fdvodu tranzistoru je <b>b\u00e1ze,<\/b> zat\u00edmco dv\u011b okoln\u00ed oblasti jsou <b>emitor <\/b>a <b>kolektor<\/b>. Mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi oblastmi (kolektor a b\u00e1ze a emitor a b\u00e1ze) jsou p\u0159echodov\u00e9 oblasti. Ty se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159echody P-N a p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 se neli\u0161\u00ed od p\u0159echod\u016f z b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00edch diod.    <span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Proto lze tranzistor zjednodu\u0161en\u011b modelovat pomoc\u00ed dvou diod, kter\u00e9 jsou navz\u00e1jem spojeny anodami (v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tranzistoru NPN) nebo katodami (PNP). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Funguje tento model? To si m\u016f\u017eeme snadno ov\u011b\u0159it zm\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vodivostn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi svorkami tranzistoru pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 funkce (ozna\u010den\u00e9 symbolem diody), kterou m\u00e1 k dispozici t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd  <\/span><b style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/574-univerzalni-merice\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">digit\u00e1ln\u00ed multimetr<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"> &#8211; v minulosti se k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edval jednoduch\u00fd ohmmetr.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-949a870 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"949a870\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c408ad\" data-id=\"3c408ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229e214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"229e214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"423\" height=\"258\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/multimetry.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-56411\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/multimetry.jpg 423w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/multimetry-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">M\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje - m\u011b\u0159i\u010de, multimetry, osciloskopy, sondy, indik\u00e1tory nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31a3227f elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"31a3227f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/228-merici-zarizeni\" target=\"_blank\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">POD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ad2c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"93ad2c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ad7bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a1ad7bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Princip \u010dinnosti bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e313dda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e313dda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Model diody &#8211; jakkoli spr\u00e1vn\u00fd z hlediska polarity jednotliv\u00fdch svorek &#8211; v\u0161ak nevysv\u011btluje, jak tranzistor ve skute\u010dnosti funguje. Model diody &#8211; a\u010dkoli je z hlediska polarity jednotliv\u00fdch svorek spr\u00e1vn\u00fd &#8211; nevysv\u011btluje, jak tranzistor ve skute\u010dnosti funguje. P\u0159esto\u017ee ve skute\u010dnosti je \u010dinnost tranzistoru (stejn\u011b jako polovodi\u010de) zalo\u017eena na pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdch a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fdch jevech tzv. fyziky pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, popsan\u00fdch soustavami matematick\u00fdch vzorc\u016f a rovnic, m\u016f\u017eeme si dovolit v\u011bci pon\u011bkud zjednodu\u0161it. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee tranzistor m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt uzav\u0159en\u00fd (v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mezi jeho emitorem a kolektorem neprot\u00e9k\u00e1 prakticky \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd proud), nebo otev\u0159en\u00fd (proud prot\u00e9k\u00e1 bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek). Abychom tranzistor otev\u0159eli, je t\u0159eba polarizovat jeho p\u0159echod b\u00e1ze-emitor, tj. p\u0159iv\u00e9st na n\u011bj nap\u011bt\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k tomu, aby se tranzistor &#8211; by\u0165 jen \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b &#8211; otev\u0159el. Jak je zn\u00e1mo, u k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 diody je vodiv\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (tj. nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 mezi anodou a katodou, kdy\u017e diodou prot\u00e9k\u00e1 proud) v rozmez\u00ed 0,5 a\u017e 0,8V. Nejinak je tomu u bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistor\u016f &#8211; i zde je mezi b\u00e1z\u00ed a emitorem v otev\u0159en\u00e9m stavu tranzistoru nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,6 V. Je-li p\u0159echod b\u00e1ze-emitor spr\u00e1vn\u011b polarizov\u00e1n, m\u016f\u017ee obvodem kolektor-emitor prot\u00e9kat proud mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159echodem b\u00e1ze-emitor.       <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b90fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"87b90fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pracovn\u00ed stavy bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-301908a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"301908a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Roboto;\">Tranzistor m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ve \u010dty\u0159ech r\u016fzn\u00fdch stavech. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Roboto;\">Provozn\u00ed stavy tranzistoru se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 aplikace.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6fe3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a6fe3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>aktivn\u00ed stav,<\/li>\n<li>stav nasycen\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>stav zablokov\u00e1n\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>inverzn\u00ed stav.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c062213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c062213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbol bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15bfdb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15bfdb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bipol\u00e1rn<b>\u00ed <\/b>tranzistor m\u00e1 charakteristick\u00fd a snadno zapamatovateln\u00fd symbol.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537679b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"537679b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tranzystor-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-56412\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e825b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e825b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee symbol bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru vych\u00e1z\u00ed z modelu diody &#8211; \u0161ipka ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed emitor m\u00e1 sm\u011br p\u0159echodu b\u00e1ze-emitor diody, tak\u017ee si lze snadno zapamatovat, kter\u00fd symbol ozna\u010duje kterou verzi tranzistoru. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1424b22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1424b22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polarita bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru - co to je, a pak: z kter\u00e9 strany pracuje?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1856d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a1856d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jak jsme se ji\u017e zm\u00ednili, polarita bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru NPN se li\u0161\u00ed od tranzistor\u016f PNP. Tato polarita bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru ur\u010duje sm\u011bry proud\u016f a nap\u011bt\u00ed b\u011bhem provozu. Je vhodn\u00e9 si zapamatovat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pravidla, kter\u00e1 plat\u00ed pro v\u0161echny komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory (v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 obvody star\u0161\u00edch integrovan\u00fdch obvod\u016f).  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941b125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941b125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Otev\u0159en\u00ed tranzistoru NPN vy\u017eaduje, aby nap\u011bt\u00ed na b\u00e1zi bylo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 0,6 V vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u011bt\u00ed na emitoru. Pokud je kolektorov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed tak\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u011bt\u00ed emitoru, bude moci proud t\u00e9ct do kolektoru a ven p\u0159es emitor. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aea168e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aea168e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Co d\u011bl\u00e1 tranzistor PNP?\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56e36ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56e36ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U tranzistor\u016f PNP je princip p\u0159esn\u011b opa\u010dn\u00fd: otev\u0159en\u00ed tranzistoru PNP vy\u017eaduje, aby nap\u011bt\u00ed na b\u00e1zi bylo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 0,6 V ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u011bt\u00ed na emitoru. Pokud je nap\u011bt\u00ed na kolektoru tak\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u011bt\u00ed na emitoru, bude moci proud t\u00e9ct do emitoru a ven p\u0159es kolektor. <\/p>\n<p>B\u00e1z\u00ed bude samoz\u0159ejm\u011b prot\u00e9kat tak\u00e9 mal\u00fd proud, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 &#8211; jak jinak &#8211; proud b\u00e1ze. Ten v\u0161ak bude mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kolektorov\u00fd proud a oba proudy se &#8220;setkaj\u00ed&#8221; na emitoru. Proto je za typick\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek emitorov\u00fd proud v\u017edy o n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed (pr\u00e1v\u011b o hodnotu proudu b\u00e1ze) ne\u017e proud kolektorov\u00fd. T\u00edm se dost\u00e1v\u00e1me k prvn\u00edmu, velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9mu vzorci popisuj\u00edc\u00edmu \u010dinnost bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru:   <\/p>\n<p><b>Ie = Ic + Ib<\/b><\/p>\n<p>kde se n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed vztahuj\u00ed k emitorov\u00e9mu, kolektorov\u00e9mu a b\u00e1zov\u00e9mu proudu.<\/p>\n<p>Ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve jsme se zm\u00ednili, \u017ee hodnota kolektorov\u00e9ho proudu je n\u00e1sobkem proudu b\u00e1ze. Tento n\u00e1sobek je ur\u010den jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch parametr\u016f, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory: je to proudov\u00e9 zes\u00edlen\u00ed tranzistoru, ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako beta (\u03b2) nebo hFE. Tento \u010dinitel ur\u010duje pom\u011br kolektorov\u00e9ho proudu k proudu b\u00e1ze, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme zapsat pomoc\u00ed vzorce:  <\/p>\n<p><b>Ic = \u03b2 Ib<\/b><\/p>\n<p>nebo v transformovan\u00e9 podob\u011b:<\/p>\n<p><b>\u03b2 = Ic \/ Ib<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a162f70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a162f70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tranzistory - poradenstv\u00ed, praxe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d8cf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76d8cf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jak u\u017e to tak b\u00fdv\u00e1, situace nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e1, jak by se dalo usuzovat z jednoduch\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. Je to proto, \u017ee proudov\u00e9 zes\u00edlen\u00ed nen\u00ed konstantn\u00ed parametr &#8211; a nejde jen o v\u00fdrobn\u00ed odchylku, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u tranzistor\u016f stejn\u00e9ho typu a\u017e n\u011bkolik set procent. Koneckonc\u016f tento parametr se m\u011bn\u00ed tak\u00e9 s teplotou a dokonce i s hodnotou kolektorov\u00e9ho proudu &#8211; tak\u017ee by bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edstavit si, \u017ee bychom postavili zesilova\u010d s rozumn\u00fdmi parametry pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u010dinitele hFE.   <\/p>\n<p>Nedostatky bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistor\u016f v\u0161ak lze na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed &#8211; pokud je to \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed &#8211; odstranit pomoc\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch obvodov\u00fdch trik\u016f. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat tzv. z\u00e1pornou zp\u011btnou vazbu. Jedn\u00edm z nich je pou\u017eit\u00ed tzv. z\u00e1porn\u00e9 zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby, kter\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9m sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty vstupn\u00edho sign\u00e1lu p\u0159i zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu na v\u00fdstupu. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, \u010d\u00e1st sign\u00e1lu z v\u00fdstupu je sm\u011brov\u00e1na na vstup takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, \u017ee samotn\u00fd sign\u00e1l sl\u00e1bne. To umo\u017e\u0148uje obvodu, aby se s\u00e1m &#8220;zabrzdil&#8221;, co\u017e vede k vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed stabilizaci v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho zes\u00edlen\u00ed. Tento typ &#8220;triku&#8221; je z\u00e1kladem tzv. bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistorov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto typy &#8220;trik\u016f&#8221; jsou z\u00e1kladem tzv. bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistorov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, z nich\u017e nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou syst\u00e9my se spole\u010dn\u00fdm emitorem a spole\u010dn\u00fdm kolektorem, zat\u00edmco syst\u00e9my se spole\u010dnou b\u00e1z\u00ed jsou mnohem vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.       <\/p>\n<p>Tyto pojmy popisuj\u00ed, kter\u00fd konec tranzistoru je n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem spole\u010dn\u00fd pro vstupn\u00ed a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed obvody. Proto\u017ee by v\u0161ak pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed o tranzistorov\u00fdch obvodech vy\u017eadovalo mnohem \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed popis a uveden\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch vzorc\u016f, nebudeme se jim v tomto kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u011bnovat &#8211; m\u00edsto toho si uk\u00e1\u017eeme neju\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed &#8211; zejm\u00e9na pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky &#8211; a nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e pou\u017eit\u00ed bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistor\u016f, s nimi\u017e se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxi. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91719ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91719ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tranzistorov\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c41cf40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c41cf40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jak jsme se zm\u00ednili na za\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dl\u00e1nku, tranzistor m\u016f\u017ee pracovat bu\u010f v uzav\u0159en\u00e9m stavu (kolektorem neprot\u00e9k\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd proud), nebo v otev\u0159en\u00e9m stavu (proud prot\u00e9k\u00e1 &#8220;bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek&#8221;). Pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u011bchto stavech pracuj\u00ed tranzistorov\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010de. Tranzistor jako sp\u00edna\u010d, ovl\u00e1dan\u00fd mal\u00fdm proudem b\u00e1ze, umo\u017e\u0148uje sp\u00ednat velk\u00e9 (nebo dokonce obrovsk\u00e9) proudov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, a to rychle a bez mechanick\u00e9ho opot\u0159eben\u00ed kontakt\u016f (co\u017e je p\u0159\u00edpad rel\u00e9 a klasick\u00fdch sp\u00edna\u010d\u016f). Podle pot\u0159eby lze jako sp\u00edna\u010d pou\u017e\u00edt tranzistory NPN i PNP &#8211; oba p\u0159\u00edpady jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na obr\u00e1zku.   <\/p>\n<p>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tranzistor NPN pracuje nejl\u00e9pe jako n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed sp\u00ednac\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee emitor je p\u0159ipojen k zemi a z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e je p\u0159ipojena mezi kolektor a nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed. Toto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nab\u00edz\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodu v podob\u011b mo\u017enosti ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee nap\u00e1jen\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00edm, kter\u00e9 je n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed Arduina nebo jin\u00e9ho obvodu ovl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho b\u00e1zi tranzistoru. P\u0159iveden\u00edm kladn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed na b\u00e1zi tranzistoru (p\u0159es rezistor omezuj\u00edc\u00ed proud, tzv. rezistor b\u00e1ze &#8211; RB) se tranzistor zapne, zat\u00edmco p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9m stavu se vypne, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e odpoj\u00ed od nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. Proud b\u00e1ze je v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b:   <\/p>\n<p><b>Ib = (Uwe-Ube)\/Rb<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Hodnotu rezistoru je vhodn\u00e9 volit tak, aby p\u0159i minim\u00e1ln\u00edm zes\u00edlen\u00ed tranzistoru pracoval i nad\u00e1le ve stavu nasycen\u00ed &#8211; to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00edm zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm proudu b\u00e1z\u00ed se ji\u017e nezvy\u0161uje proud kolektorem. Vhodn\u00e9 hodnoty lze vy\u010d\u00edst z charakteristik tranzistor\u016f, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed k dispozici v\u00fdrobci &#8211; p\u0159\u00edklad je uveden na sch\u00e9matu 1 v souboru: https:\/\/www.sparkfun.com\/datasheets\/Components\/BC546.pdf . <\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud je t\u0159eba tranzistorem BC546 zapnout z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e, kter\u00e1 odeb\u00edr\u00e1 (p\u0159i nap\u00e1jec\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed 12 V) proud \u0159\u00e1du 50 mA, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt proud b\u00e1ze alespo\u0148 250 uA &#8211; pak bude tranzistor v nasycen\u00e9m stavu. Pokud je tranzistor \u0159\u00edzen p\u0159es port mikrokontrol\u00e9ru AVR (vysok\u00fd stav rovn\u00fd 5 V), bude hodnota odporu: <\/p>\n<p><b>Rb = (Uwe-Ube) \/ Ib = (5 V &#8211; 0,6 V) \/ 250 uA = 17,6 k\u03a9<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Vyplat\u00ed se v\u0161ak p\u0159ijmout ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnotu &#8211; abychom m\u011bli jistotu, \u017ee bez ohledu na kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed zes\u00edlen\u00ed bude n\u00e1\u0161 tranzistor v\u017edy pracovat v nasycen\u00e9m stavu. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by m\u011bla b\u00fdt hodnota v \u0159\u00e1du 10 k\u03a9 dostate\u010dn\u00e1 i p\u0159i nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch zes\u00edlen\u00ed (u verze BC546A m\u016f\u017ee proudov\u00e9 zes\u00edlen\u00ed klesnout a\u017e na 110 A\/A). \u010casto se p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed i hodnoty je\u0161t\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed &#8211; nap\u0159. n\u011bkolik kiloohm\u016f, ale v\u017edy je t\u0159eba db\u00e1t na to, aby nebyl p\u0159ekro\u010den proud b\u00e1ze, proto\u017ee by mohlo doj\u00edt k po\u0161kozen\u00ed (p\u0159ep\u00e1len\u00ed) tranzistoru. U st\u0159edn\u011b v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch a v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch tranzistor\u016f (s kolektorov\u00fdmi proudy 1 A a v\u00edce) jsou proudov\u00e9 zisky mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed (\u010dasto o dost men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 A\/A), tak\u017ee proud b\u00e1ze mus\u00ed nab\u00fdvat odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hodnot.   <\/p>\n<p>Tranzistor PNP funguje dokonale jako sp\u00edna\u010d a ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e &#8220;shora&#8221;, tj. Tranzistor PNP funguje ide\u00e1ln\u011b jako sp\u00edna\u010d na vysok\u00e9 stran\u011b, kter\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e &#8220;shora&#8221;, tj. z kladn\u00e9 strany nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed (sp\u00edna\u010d na vysok\u00e9 stran\u011b). Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee toto zapojen\u00ed by se m\u011blo pou\u017e\u00edvat pouze v situac\u00edch, kdy jsou \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed ve vysok\u00e9m stavu a nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00e9 &#8211; pokud je toti\u017e emitor tranzistoru p\u0159ipojen nap\u0159. na 12 V a b\u00e1ze na v\u00fdstup mikrokontrol\u00e9ru nap\u00e1jen\u00e9ho 5 V, pak &#8211; bez ohledu na logick\u00fd stav na v\u00fdstupu \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed b\u00e1ze &#8211; bude potenci\u00e1l b\u00e1ze v\u017edy ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e potenci\u00e1l emitoru. Tranzistor tedy bude trvale sepnut\u00fd, tak\u017ee o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho sp\u00ednac\u00edho efektu v t\u00e9to situaci nelze dos\u00e1hnout.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f814c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f814c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Darlington\u016fv obvod\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2adc2d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2adc2d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pokud pot\u0159ebujete \u0159\u00eddit velkou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e a nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 dodat dostate\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00fd b\u00e1zov\u00fd proud st\u0159edn\u011b v\u00fdkonn\u00e9mu nebo v\u00fdkonn\u00e9mu tranzistoru, stoj\u00ed za zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, i kdy\u017e velmi jednoduch\u00e9 Darlingtonovo zapojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea8984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ea8984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/darlington.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-57154\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/darlington.jpg 680w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/darlington-300x187.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d30299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d30299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jak je vid\u011bt na tomto chytr\u00e9m zapojen\u00ed, emitor jednoho tranzistoru ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 b\u00e1zi druh\u00e9ho &#8211; ten je nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdkonov\u00fdm tranzistorem. Takov\u00e9 zapojen\u00ed poskytuje zaj\u00edmavou vlastnost &#8211; jeho v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 proudov\u00e9 zes\u00edlen\u00ed je sou\u010dinem zes\u00edlen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch tranzistor\u016f v n\u011bm pou\u017eit\u00fdch. V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee nap\u011bt\u00ed b\u00e1ze-emitoru takov\u00e9 &#8220;sestavy&#8221; je tak\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nap\u011bt\u00ed jednoho tranzistoru a je p\u0159esn\u011b rovno sou\u010dtu nap\u011bt\u00ed UBE obou tranzistor\u016f. Za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee &#8220;prvn\u00ed&#8221;, \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed tranzistor je bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistor s mal\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem (nap\u0159. BC546 s UBE p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,6 V) a druh\u00fd je tranzistor se st\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdkonem (nap\u0159. BD139 s UBE do 1 V), bude v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed b\u00e1ze-emitor p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,6 V &#8211; to se vyplat\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, abyste nebyli po sestaven\u00ed a uveden\u00ed tohoto u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho obvodu do provozu p\u0159ekvapeni.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fe3319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7fe3319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pou\u017eit\u00ed tranzistor\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55e13fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55e13fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V tomto kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m popisu jsme uvedli pouze z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aplikace bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistor\u016f jako sp\u00edna\u010d\u016f. To je v\u0161ak pouze za\u010d\u00e1tek, proto\u017ee &#8211; p\u0159i volb\u011b vhodn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch obvod\u016f a hodnot vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1stek &#8211; lze v obvodech s \u00fasp\u011bchem pou\u017e\u00edt i tranzistory NPN a PNP: <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e6a024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e6a024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>line\u00e1rn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f (pro tento \u00fa\u010del se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tzv. line\u00e1rn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed oblast, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed mezi stavem nasycen\u00ed a pln\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00fdm stavem),<\/li>\n<li>bistabiln\u00ed klopn\u00e9 obvody (obvody schopn\u00e9 zachycovat a ukl\u00e1dat zm\u011bny na vstupech), monostabiln\u00ed klopn\u00e9 obvody (tj. obvody generuj\u00edc\u00ed impulsy o nastaven\u00e9 d\u00e9lce po jedin\u00e9m kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m vstupn\u00edm buzen\u00ed) a astabiln\u00ed klopn\u00e9 obvody (tj. gener\u00e1tory, samo\u010dinn\u011b p\u0159ep\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdstupy s ur\u010ditou frekvenc\u00ed),<\/li>\n<li>diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zesilova\u010de &#8211; zesiluj\u00ed rozd\u00edl dvou nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159iveden\u00fdch na samostatn\u00e9 vstupy obvodu,<\/li>\n<li>modul\u00e1tory, demodul\u00e1tory a aktivn\u00ed filtry &#8211; syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v radiotechnice a p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed analogov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75479ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75479ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, \u017ee modern\u00ed elektronika st\u00e1le z\u0159\u00eddkakdy pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jednotliv\u00e9 tranzistory ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch rol\u00edch &#8211; proto\u017ee dnes m\u00e1me k dispozici specializovan\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed obvody, opera\u010dn\u00ed, m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed a diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zesilova\u010de, stejn\u011b jako nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed bloky p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 k pou\u017eit\u00ed v navrhovan\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. Tak\u017ee u\u017e v\u00edte, k \u010demu se tranzistor pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. Znalost z\u00e1klad\u016f polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 techniky je v\u0161ak nezbytn\u00e1 &#8211; u\u017e jen proto, abychom dok\u00e1zali pochopit a spr\u00e1vn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obvody. I ty se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed ze stovek, tis\u00edc\u016f nebo dokonce milion\u016f tranzistor\u016f &#8230;   <\/p>\n<p>Viz . <a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/category\/elektronika-cs\/\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"><b>dal\u0161\u00ed<\/b> <b>\u010dl\u00e1nky z kategorie Elektronika<\/b><\/a> na blogu Botland!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4026cd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4026cd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/kursy-forbot-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-56383\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/kursy-forbot-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/kursy-forbot-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/kursy-forbot.jpg 540w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">V\u00fdukov\u00e9 sady elektroniky Forbot<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18b34a0b elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"18b34a0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">POD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-340327d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"340327d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0f519b9\" data-id=\"0f519b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afd7128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"afd7128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"k-faq-accord\">\n<h2>Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory &#8211; nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dotazy<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"tabs\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck1\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck1\">Kolik konektor\u016f m\u00e1 tranzistor?<label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory jsou obvykle vybaveny dv\u011bma p\u0159echody PN a t\u0159emi v\u00fdvody naz\u00fdvan\u00fdmi emitor (zkratka E), b\u00e1ze (zkratka B) a kolektor (zkratka E). V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou tranzistory vybaveny k\u0159em\u00edkovou desti\u010dkou (um\u00edst\u011bnou v pouzd\u0159e). \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck2\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck2\">M\u00e1 bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistor diodu?<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Ne. Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistor nem\u00e1 diodu. Konstrukce bipol\u00e1rn\u00edho tranzistoru je zalo\u017eena na k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 desti\u010dce uvnit\u0159 pouzdra. Tento prvek je nav\u00edc vybaven t\u0159emi no\u017ei\u010dkami, tj. emitorem, b\u00e1z\u00ed a konektorem. T\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou zv\u00eddav\u00ed, doporu\u010dujeme p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst si <a href=\"\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\u010dl\u00e1nek<\/a> o tranzistorech zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fd na na\u0161em blogu.     \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck3\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck3\">Co je to tranzistor a jak funguje?<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Princip tranzistoru spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee &#8220;propou\u0161t\u00ed&#8221; vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed proud (nap\u0159. ze zdroje), kter\u00fd byl \u0159\u00edzen mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm proudem. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e (nap\u0159. spot\u0159ebi\u010d, jako je motor nebo \u017e\u00e1rovka) lze ovl\u00e1dat mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm proudem, nap\u0159\u00edklad z <a href=\"\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">mikrokontrol\u00e9ru<\/a>.  \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck4\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck4\">Jak zapojit tranzistor?<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Zp\u016fsob zapojen\u00ed tranzistoru z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jeho typu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tranzistor\u016f typu NPN by m\u011bl b\u00fdt emitor, ozna\u010den\u00fd E, p\u0159ipojen k zemi dan\u00e9ho obvodu (tj. GDN). B\u00e1ze, ozna\u010den\u00e1 B, by zase m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ipojena k plusu nap\u0159\u00edklad baterie (pomoc\u00ed rezistoru, jeho\u017e funkc\u00ed je omezit proud). P\u0159i zapojov\u00e1n\u00ed tranzistor\u016f PNP mus\u00ed b\u00fdt emitor p\u0159ipojen k plusu a b\u00e1ze k zemi konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho obvodu (pomoc\u00ed rezistoru).   \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mal\u00e1 v\u011bc obrovsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu &#8211; tranzistor. P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si v\u00edce o jedn\u00e9 ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch elektronick\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek: co je tranzistor a jak funguje. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":60022,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[550,661,553],"class_list":["post-92447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs","tag-elektronika-cs","tag-tranzystor-bipolarny-cs","tag-zasada-dzialania-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory - co jsou za\u010d? Jak funguj\u00ed? Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory NPN a PNP - seznamte se se z\u00e1klady \u010dinnosti a zapojen\u00ed t\u011bchto u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek a s jejich praktick\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci elektronika.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/unipolarni-tranzistory-mosfet-co-jsou-zac-jak-funguji-vysvetleni-pro-zacatecniky\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed tranzistory - co jsou za\u010d? Jak funguj\u00ed? 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