{"id":93844,"date":"2022-07-20T08:00:22","date_gmt":"2022-07-20T06:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/sygnal-pwm-co-to-takiego\/"},"modified":"2024-10-28T13:32:26","modified_gmt":"2024-10-28T12:32:26","slug":"co-je-to-signal-pwm-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/co-je-to-signal-pwm-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je to sign\u00e1l PWM?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Jak mohu ovl\u00e1dat ot\u00e1\u010dky motoru? Jak se stm\u00edvaj\u00ed a rozjas\u0148uj\u00ed LED diody? V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku odpov\u00edme pr\u00e1v\u011b na tyto ot\u00e1zky. Tyto znalosti se v\u00e1m budou hodit v mnoha projektech. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Co je to PWM a pln\u011bn\u00ed?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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PWM je zkratka z anglick\u00e9ho Pulse-Width Modulation, co\u017e v p\u0159ekladu znamen\u00e1 “pulzn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159kov\u00e1 modulace”. Jedn\u00e1 se o metodu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proudov\u00e9ho nebo nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu zm\u011bnou jeho n\u00e1pln\u011b<\/b>. Amplituda a frekvence sign\u00e1lu z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed konstantn\u00ed, ale m\u011bn\u00ed se tzv. n\u00e1pl\u0148. <\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si jednoduch\u00fd obvod, ve kter\u00e9m je instalov\u00e1na LED dioda<\/a>, kter\u00e1 se softwarov\u011b st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b zap\u00edn\u00e1 a vyp\u00edn\u00e1. Od okam\u017eiku zapnut\u00ed LED diody p\u0159es jej\u00ed vypnut\u00ed a\u017e po jej\u00ed op\u011btovn\u00e9 zapnut\u00ed je \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek roven 1 milisekund\u011b. Za “zapnuto” lze pova\u017eovat okam\u017eik, kdy je na diodu p\u0159iveden logick\u00fd sign\u00e1l “1”, tj. na jej\u00ed v\u00fdstup je p\u0159ivedeno nap\u011bt\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 hodnoty. Vypnut\u00ed je naopak okam\u017eik, kdy dioda obdr\u017e\u00ed logickou “0”, tj. je bez nap\u011bt\u00ed. Dioda se rozsv\u00edt\u00ed na p\u016fl milisekundy a na druhou p\u016flku milisekundy se vypne a tento proces se opakuje st\u00e1le dokola. Takto vypad\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 milisekunda. Z pohledu lidsk\u00e9ho oka blik\u00e1n\u00ed ani nevid\u00edme – zm\u011bna je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rychl\u00e1 na to, abychom si j\u00ed v\u0161imli, co\u017e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 iluzorn\u00ed dojem, \u017ee dioda prost\u011b sv\u00edt\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b jasn\u011b,<\/b> ne\u017e kdyby byla trvale zapnut\u00e1. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektronick\u00fd obvod s LED diodami je jedn\u00edm z nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch obvod\u016f.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Zm\u011bnou fill factoru vlastn\u011b m\u011bn\u00edte dobu trv\u00e1n\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho stavu (<\/b> sv\u011btla diody) b\u011bhem ur\u010dit\u00e9 doby (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b 1 milisekundy). Pokud nap\u0159\u00edklad zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edte fill factor, m\u016f\u017ee dioda sv\u00edtit po dobu 0,8 milisekundy a nesv\u00edtit po dobu 0,2 milisekundy. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee pro lidsk\u00e9 oko bude dioda jednodu\u0161e sv\u00edtit jasn\u011bji ne\u017e p\u0159i fill, kter\u00fd j\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje sv\u00edtit pouze po 50 % periody. Procento periody, ve kter\u00e9 je logick\u00fd stav vysok\u00fd, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 faktor v\u00fdpln\u011b. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, princip PWM sign\u00e1lu je zp\u016fsob modulace obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu nastaven\u00edm \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky impulsu<\/b> (tj. nastaven\u00edm \u010dinitele pln\u011bn\u00ed v dan\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m intervalu). <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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PWM v Arduino a Raspberry Pi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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PWM je b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd sign\u00e1l v mikroprocesorov\u00e9 technice. Lze jej snadno implementovat programov\u011b, ale desky jako Arduino nebo Raspberry Pi<\/a> maj\u00ed pro tento \u00fa\u010del p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 porty. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je sign\u00e1l PWM generov\u00e1n hardwarov\u011b<\/b>, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e na provoz programu a odstra\u0148uje nutnost, aby program\u00e1tor takov\u00fd k\u00f3d psal s\u00e1m, pomoc\u00ed mikroprocesorov\u00fdch p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Arduino UNO<\/a> jsou kan\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 jsou schopny generovat PWM sign\u00e1l hardwarov\u011b – nej\u010dast\u011bji je u tohoto typu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pln\u00e1 perioda 1\/490 sekundy a n\u00e1pl\u0148 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v rozsahu 0 a\u017e 255 (8 bit\u016f). <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Raspberry Pi 4<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Arduino UNO<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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K \u010demu lze PWM pou\u017e\u00edt?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nejz\u0159ejm\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00edm PWM sign\u00e1lu je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jasu LED diody<\/a><\/b>, ale b\u011b\u017en\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro mnohem \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lu aplikac\u00ed. Dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed chodu stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru<\/a><\/b>. Zm\u011bnou hodnoty pln\u011bn\u00ed m\u016f\u017eete snadno omezit nebo zv\u00fd\u0161it ot\u00e1\u010dky h\u0159\u00eddele motoru. <\/p>\n

D\u00edky takov\u00e9mu ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eete nap\u0159\u00edklad citliv\u011b \u0159\u00eddit rychlost j\u00edzdy mobiln\u00edho robota. Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho obvodu m\u016f\u017eete snadno otestovat. Pot\u0159ebujete k tomu pouze kontaktn\u00ed desku, motor, n\u011bkolik propojovac\u00edch vodi\u010d\u016f, H-m\u016fstek a nap\u0159\u00edklad Arduino a potenciometr<\/a>. Jakmile jsou komponenty spr\u00e1vn\u011b zapojeny, m\u016f\u017eete potenciometr ovl\u00e1dat zm\u011bnou n\u00e1pln\u011b PWM sign\u00e1lu<\/b> p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9ho do stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Podobn\u00e9ho efektu lze dos\u00e1hnout i p\u0159ipojen\u00edm bzu\u010d\u00e1ku<\/a> nam\u00edsto motoru. Zm\u011bnou n\u00e1pln\u011b budete moci ovl\u00e1dat hlasitost vyd\u00e1van\u00e9ho zvuku<\/b>. Dal\u0161\u00edm praktick\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm tohoto sign\u00e1lu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad servo. Zm\u011bnou n\u00e1pln\u011b m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159esn\u011b nastavit jeho polohu. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je rozli\u0161en\u00ed sign\u00e1lu PWM, t\u00edm p\u0159esn\u011bji budete schopni ur\u010dit nastavenou polohu. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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K nau\u010den\u00ed a otestov\u00e1n\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed PWM synchronizace sta\u010d\u00ed nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed obvod.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Jedn\u00e1 se o vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se osv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad u robot\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch vysokou p\u0159esnost pohybu<\/b>. Pokud se pokus\u00edte dos\u00e1hnout stejn\u00e9ho efektu pomoc\u00ed sady b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru a enkod\u00e9ru, z\u00edsk\u00e1te bohu\u017eel mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek. <\/p>\n

Pro sign\u00e1l PWM existuje prakticky nekone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed. Stoj\u00ed za to si tento jev vyzkou\u0161et a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit se, jak funguje, abyste jej mohli efektivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat ve sv\u00fdch budouc\u00edch projektech. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sign\u00e1l PWM je zn\u00e1m\u00fd pojem pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho elektronika, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 mikroprocesorovou technikou. Nejste si jisti, co to je? Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je pro v\u00e1s!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":63037,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[557],"tags":[629,550,620],"class_list":["post-93844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zajimavosti","tag-arduino-cs-tag","tag-elektronika-cs","tag-raspberry-pi-cs-tag"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCo je to sign\u00e1l PWM? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sign\u00e1l PWM je jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f elektroniky a robotiky. 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