{"id":93893,"date":"2023-09-15T06:00:25","date_gmt":"2023-09-15T04:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wzmacniacz-operacyjny-co-to-jest-zastosowanie-i-rodzaje\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:06:20","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:06:20","slug":"operacni-zesilovac-co-to-je-aplikace-a-typy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/operacni-zesilovac-co-to-je-aplikace-a-typy\/","title":{"rendered":"Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d – co to je? Aplikace a typy"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 4<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 mluvit o analogov\u00e9 elektronice, ani\u017e bychom zahrnuli opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010de. V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku odhal\u00edme tajemstv\u00ed t\u011bchto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d<\/strong> \u2013 Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d je zesilova\u010d stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu o velk\u00e9m zes\u00edlen\u00ed. Obvykle pracuje v obvodu se zp\u011btnou vazbou, kter\u00e1 ur\u010duje parametry syst\u00e9mu, jeho\u017e je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d - co to je?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010de<\/strong><\/a>, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 pod hovorov\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem opamp<\/strong> (z anglick\u00e9ho operational amplifiers), jsou nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u201ecihly\u201c, na nich\u017e je zalo\u017eena naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina modern\u00ed analogov\u00e9 elektroniky. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 univerz\u00e1lnosti a vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm parametr\u016fm si na\u0161ly cestu do nespo\u010dtu elektronick\u00fdch obvod\u016f, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 operace zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1lu: zes\u00edlen\u00ed, usm\u011brn\u011bn\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu, filtraci, tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed pulz\u016f, stabilizaci nap\u011bt\u00ed a proudu, hardwarovou emulaci induk\u010dnosti<\/strong> a mnoho, mnoho dal\u0161\u00edho.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Konstrukce<\/strong> opera\u010dn\u00edho zesilova\u010de je zalo\u017eena na t\u0159ech hlavn\u00edch prvc\u00edch: bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch tranzistorech nebo tranzistorech s polem<\/strong>, rezistorech<\/strong> a (v mnohem men\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtu) kondenz\u00e1torech<\/strong>, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v r\u00e1mci stejn\u00e9 monolitick\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 struktury. Jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se obvykle skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u011bkolika stup\u0148\u016f zesilova\u010de<\/strong>, nap\u00e1jec\u00edch obvod\u016f<\/strong>, obvod\u016f pro kompenzaci teploty<\/strong> a frekvence<\/strong> a dal\u0161\u00edch dopl\u0148kov\u00fdch prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 pln\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad funkci ochrany proti p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed ESD na vstupech.<\/p>

Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010de maj\u00ed obvykle dva vstupy: invertuj\u00edc\u00ed vstup<\/strong> (ozna\u010den\u00fd \u201e-\u201c nebo \u201eIN-\u201c) a neinvertuj\u00edc\u00ed vstup<\/strong> (ozna\u010den\u00fd \u201e+\u201c nebo \u201eIN+\u201c). Obecn\u00fd princip \u010dinnosti je velmi jednoduch\u00fd: zesilova\u010d \u201esn\u00edm\u00e1\u201c nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi vstupem \u201e+\u201c a svorkou \u201e-\u201c, pot\u00e9 tento (mal\u00fd) rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f siln\u011b zes\u00edl\u00ed a takto zpracovan\u00fd sign\u00e1l vy\u0161le na v\u00fdstup (ozna\u010den\u00fd \u201eOUT\u201c).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d LM741C (UA741C) - 5ks.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPOD\u00cdVEJTE SE NA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Parametry opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f a jejich vliv na n\u00e1vrh elektronick\u00fdch obvod\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jejich velmi (velmi!) vysok\u00e9 zes\u00edlen\u00ed<\/strong>, p\u0159esn\u011bji ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako zes\u00edlen\u00ed v otev\u0159en\u00e9 smy\u010dce, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee dosahovat hodnot tis\u00edcin\u00e1sobku nebo dokonce milionn\u00e1sobku (V\/V). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad vstupn\u00ed rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f 1 mikrovolt (0,000001 voltu!) m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st (v z\u00e1vislosti na typu zesilova\u010de, individu\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnostech jednotky a jej\u00edch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch) k v\u00fdstupn\u00edmu sign\u00e1lu 1 V (tj. milionkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu).<\/p>

Takto vysok\u00e9 zes\u00edlen\u00ed je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v praxi pot\u0159eba jen z\u0159\u00eddka – vyskytuje se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u vysoce p\u0159esn\u00fdch a drah\u00fdch laboratorn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/span> nebo l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f<\/span>. Obvykle pot\u0159ebujeme mnohem slab\u0161\u00ed zes\u00edlen\u00ed, nap\u0159. 10x, 100x nebo dokonce 1000x<\/span> – abychom takov\u00fdch parametr\u016f s opera\u010dn\u00edm zesilova\u010dem dos\u00e1hli, je nutn\u00e9 jej zapojit do tzv. zp\u011btnovazebn\u00ed smy\u010dky<\/span> – tedy \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdstupn\u00edho sign\u00e1lu tak\u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc nasm\u011brovat zp\u011bt na vstup. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem je zesilova\u010d tak\u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc \u201eocho\u010den\u201c. – funguje (alespo\u0148 v\u011bt\u0161inou) p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jak bychom na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f o\u010dek\u00e1vali. <\/p>

A tady m\u00e1me skv\u011blou zpr\u00e1vu – naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch parametr\u016f obvodu, zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na opera\u010dn\u00edm zesilova\u010di, z\u00e1vis\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b na prvc\u00edch pou\u017eit\u00fdch ve zp\u011btnovazebn\u00ed smy\u010dce. Nap\u0159\u00edklad – dva vhodn\u011b zvolen\u00e9 rezistory (jeden mezi v\u00fdstupem a invertuj\u00edc\u00edm vstupem a druh\u00fd mezi invertuj\u00edc\u00edm vstupem a zem\u00ed obvodu) sta\u010d\u00ed k nastaven\u00ed v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho zes\u00edlen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho obvodu na dob\u0159e definovanou hodnotu.<\/p>

Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou vlastnost\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f je vysok\u00fd pom\u011br potla\u010den\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu<\/span> (CMRR \u2013 angl. Common Mode Rejection Ratio). CMRR vyjad\u0159uje schopnost opera\u010dn\u00edho zesilova\u010de tlumit nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se vyskytuj\u00ed na obou vstupech zesilova\u010de ve stejn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi, tzv. sign\u00e1ly ve spole\u010dn\u00e9m m\u00f3du. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je spole\u010dn\u00fd koeficient \u00fatlumu, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe se opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s eliminac\u00ed ru\u0161en\u00ed nebo posun\u016f, a tedy t\u00edm v\u00edce \u201evytahuje\u201c diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eku (jin\u00fdmi slovy nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi vstupy \u201e+\u201c a \u201e-\u201c).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Dal\u0161\u00ed parametry opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ka\u017ed\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d je pops\u00e1n \u0159adou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch katalogov\u00fdch parametr\u016f, kter\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00ed jeho schopnosti a vhodnost pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch typech elektronick\u00fdch obvod\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159enosov\u00e9 p\u00e1smo<\/strong> ur\u010duje rozsah frekvenc\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m bude opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d schopen zpracov\u00e1vat sign\u00e1ly s minim\u00e1ln\u00edm zkreslen\u00edm. Tento parametr je p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fd na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm modelu zesilova\u010de a m\u016f\u017ee se pohybovat (obvykle) od n\u011bkolika kilohertz\u016f a\u017e po n\u011bkolik set MHz nebo dokonce mnoho gigahertz\u016f. V z\u00e1jmu p\u0159esnosti je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka p\u00e1sma se obvykle ud\u00e1v\u00e1 jako tzv. GainBandWidth (GBW), proto\u017ee \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je frekvence sign\u00e1l\u016f, t\u00edm slab\u0161\u00ed je jejich zes\u00edlen\u00ed opampem.<\/p>

Rozsah nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed,<\/strong> ve kter\u00e9m opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d spr\u00e1vn\u011b pracuje, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad +\/-5 V a\u017e +\/-15 V, a\u010dkoli existuj\u00ed zesilova\u010de schopn\u00e9 pracovat s nap\u011bt\u00edm mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm (nap\u0159. 1,8 V) nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm (nap\u0159. a\u017e 40 V). U p\u0159enosn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch z bateri\u00ed nebo akumul\u00e1tor\u016f m\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam tak\u00e9 odb\u011br proudu – ten se m\u016f\u017ee pohybovat v rozmez\u00ed od zlomku mA do n\u011bkolika mA, ale energeticky \u00fasporn\u00e9 verze mohou pracovat s odb\u011brem proudu ze zdroje v \u0159\u00e1du n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek mikroamp\u00e9r\u016f nebo dokonce m\u00e9n\u011b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vstupn\u00ed impedance<\/strong> naproti tomu m\u011b\u0159\u00ed odpor<\/strong>, kter\u00fd obvod klade na sv\u00fdch vstupech sign\u00e1l\u016fm, kter\u00e9 jsou na n\u011b p\u0159ivedeny. Opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010de maj\u00ed obvykle velmi vysokou vstupn\u00ed impedanci, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee odeb\u00edraj\u00ed mal\u00fd proud ze zdroje sign\u00e1lu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e minimalizuj\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tohoto zdroje, a t\u00edm sni\u017euj\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 zkreslen\u00ed a \u00fatlumu. Podobn\u011b v\u00fdstupn\u00ed impedance ur\u010duje odpor z pohledu v\u00fdstupn\u00ed strany zesilova\u010de – \u010d\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm lep\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee zesilova\u010d je schopen dod\u00e1vat proud pot\u0159ebn\u00fd k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee bez ztr\u00e1ty amplitudy sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Dal\u0161\u00edm velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm parametrem opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f, kritick\u00fdm zejm\u00e9na pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed syst\u00e9my, je vstupn\u00ed nerovnov\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong>. Ozna\u010duje mal\u00fd rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f mezi invertuj\u00edc\u00edm a neinvertuj\u00edc\u00edm vstupem opera\u010dn\u00edho zesilova\u010de v rovnov\u00e1ze. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, nep\u0159esnosti na \u00farovni k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 struktury (kter\u00fdm se p\u0159i s\u00e9riov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b nelze vyhnout) zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed, \u017ee zesilova\u010d pova\u017euje ur\u010ditou \u00farove\u0148 nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi vstupy za zkrat (nulov\u00fd rozd\u00edl potenci\u00e1l\u016f) a – v d\u016fsledku toho – zesilova\u010d reaguje na skute\u010dn\u00fd zkrat vstup\u016f (nap\u011bt\u00ed na vstupech \u201e+\u201c a \u201e-\u201c stejn\u00e9 hodnoty), jako by mezi nimi bylo mal\u00e9 rozd\u00edlov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>

Pro audio syst\u00e9my, m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje nebo l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam \u00farove\u0148 \u0161umu<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed schopnost opera\u010dn\u00edho zesilova\u010de udr\u017eovat n\u00edzkou \u00farove\u0148 ru\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do v\u00fdstupn\u00edho sign\u00e1lu. \u0160um je elektronick\u00fdm obvod\u016fm vlastn\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee poch\u00e1zet z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, jako jsou tepeln\u00e9 fluktuace odporu nebo \u0161um vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed v d\u016fsledku jev\u016f na kvantov\u00e9 \u00farovni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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V\u00fdb\u011br opera\u010dn\u00edho zesilova\u010de - z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu vlastn\u00edho analogov\u00e9ho obvodu je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu v\u0161echny v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 katalogov\u00e9 parametry, i kdy\u017e – to nepop\u00edr\u00e1m – to vy\u017eaduje zna\u010dn\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti a znalosti o n\u00e1vrhu a provozu zesilova\u010d\u016f, filtr\u016f, zdroj\u016f proudu, obvod\u016f pro tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed impuls\u016f a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed aplikac\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f.<\/p>

Zat\u00edmco nap\u0159\u00edklad u syst\u00e9mu zesiluj\u00edc\u00edho sign\u00e1l z fotorezistoru nebo fototranzistoru v jednoduch\u00e9m mobiln\u00edm robotu (jako je sv\u011bteln\u00fd nebo \u010d\u00e1rov\u00fd sledova\u010d) na \u00farovni \u0161umu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed (pokud nepl\u00e1nujeme postavit ultra citliv\u00e9 vozidlo schopn\u00e9 detekovat neviditeln\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sv\u011btla), mnohem d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bude rozsah nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> a schopnost pracovat v re\u017eimu rail-to-rail<\/strong>. Tento term\u00edn ozna\u010duje omezen\u00ed, kter\u00fdm jsou vystaveny sign\u00e1ly na vstupech a v\u00fdstupech opera\u010dn\u00edho zesilova\u010de – R-R zesilova\u010de jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 v obvodech nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch z bateri\u00ed, kde m\u00e1 konstrukt\u00e9r k dispozici pouze jedno (unipol\u00e1rn\u00ed) nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, nap\u0159. 5 V (a nikoli – jako v mnoha analogov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch – bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, nap\u0159. +\/- 15 V). Vysok\u00e1 vstupn\u00ed impedance bude naopak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad v syst\u00e9mech pracuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edmo s fotodiodami – optoelektronick\u00fdmi prvky, kter\u00e9 v reakci na sv\u011bteln\u00fd podn\u011bt generuj\u00ed slab\u00fd proud.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 mluvit o analogov\u00e9 elektronice, ani\u017e bychom zahrnuli opera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010de. V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku odhal\u00edme tajemstv\u00ed t\u011bchto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":70274,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-93893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOpera\u010dn\u00ed zesilova\u010d - co to je? Aplikace a typy - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chcete se dozv\u011bd\u011bt nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace o konstrukci, principu \u010dinnosti a v\u00fdb\u011bru opera\u010dn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f? 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