{"id":93980,"date":"2023-01-18T06:00:39","date_gmt":"2023-01-18T05:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/transformator-co-to-jest-i-jak-dziala\/"},"modified":"2024-10-29T11:31:14","modified_gmt":"2024-10-29T10:31:14","slug":"transformator-co-to-je-a-jak-funguje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/transformator-co-to-je-a-jak-funguje\/","title":{"rendered":"Transform\u00e1tor – Co to je a jak funguje?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 7<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Transform\u00e1tor - co to je a jak funguje?\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Najdete je v dom\u00e1c\u00edch elektrick\u00fdch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch i v ob\u0159\u00edch elektr\u00e1rn\u00e1ch. Seznamte se s transform\u00e1tory! <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Transform\u00e1tory v\u0161ude kolem n\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTento \u010dl\u00e1nek seznamuje s konstrukc\u00ed a principem \u010dinnosti transform\u00e1tor\u016f – jedn\u00e9 z nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed elektrotechniky a elektroniky v nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu. Text rovn\u011b\u017e pod\u00e1v\u00e1 obecn\u00fd p\u0159ehled transform\u00e1tor\u016f se zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b specializovan\u00fdm kone\u010dn\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Transform\u00e1tory - r\u016fzn\u00e9 konstrukce, r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, spole\u010dn\u00fd princip \u010dinnosti\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s je p\u0159esycen elektrick\u00fdmi a elektronick\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi s neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b rozmanit\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dely. Stoj\u00ed za to v\u011bnovat pozornost jejich nap\u00e1jen\u00ed – jak spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f, tak za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 elekt\u0159inu vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed a p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed ji na elekt\u0159inu s jin\u00fdmi parametry. Jednou z takov\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1, je transform\u00e1tor. V z\u00e1vislosti na sv\u00e9 konstrukci a \u00fa\u010delu maj\u00ed transform\u00e1tory r\u016fzn\u00e9 provozn\u00ed parametry – jin\u00fd transform\u00e1tor pou\u017eijete pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed na v\u00fdstupu elektrocentr\u00e1ly, jin\u00fd pro audio zesilova\u010d a jin\u00fd pro sestaven\u00ed sp\u00ednan\u00e9ho zdroje pro elektromedic\u00ednsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Toroidn\u00ed transform\u00e1tor.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSIEHE HIER<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Navzdory t\u011bmto rozd\u00edl\u016fm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jmenovatel jeden – princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd se op\u00edr\u00e1 o pevn\u011b vyvinut\u00fd matematick\u00fd a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad, potvrzen\u00fd experiment\u00e1ln\u011b.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Co je to transform\u00e1tor?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nejprve si zodpov\u011bzme ot\u00e1zku – co je to transform\u00e1tor? Obecn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno je to neto\u010div\u00fd elektrick\u00fd stroj, kter\u00fd je ur\u010den k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b parametr\u016f elektrick\u00e9 energie, tj. st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu a nap\u011bt\u00ed v \u010dasov\u00e9 oblasti, pomoc\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 vazby. Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno se transform\u00e1tor skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou induk\u010dn\u00edch c\u00edvek. Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00edm transform\u00e1tor\u016f je p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed provozn\u00edch nap\u011bt\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch obvod\u016f, kter\u00e9 pracuj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b, konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016fm – jin\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed bude pot\u0159eba pro p\u0159enos energie z elektr\u00e1rny do tov\u00e1rny a jin\u00e9 pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch elektrick\u00fdch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f. P\u0159enos energie na del\u0161\u00ed nebo krat\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti m\u00e1 obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b velk\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Podle principu zachov\u00e1n\u00ed zd\u00e1nliv\u00e9 v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edme-li nap\u011bt\u00ed pomoc\u00ed transform\u00e1toru nap\u0159\u00edklad dvakr\u00e1t, bude proud ve vinut\u00ed pracuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159i dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9m nap\u011bt\u00ed dvakr\u00e1t men\u0161\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je proud, t\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed jsou ztr\u00e1ty v odporu a reaktanci vodi\u010d\u016f. V\u00fdkon transform\u00e1tor\u016f se obvykle vyjad\u0159uje ve voltamp\u00e9rech (VA) nebo v jednotk\u00e1ch zd\u00e1nliv\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu. V z\u00e1vislosti na \u00fa\u010delu pou\u017eit\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdkon transform\u00e1tor\u016f li\u0161it – u dom\u00e1c\u00edch a d\u00edlensk\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f se m\u016f\u017ee pohybovat od zlomk\u016f voltamp\u00e9ru a\u017e po n\u011bkolik kilovoltamp\u00e9r\u016f (kVA), zat\u00edmco u v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch transform\u00e1tor\u016f jde v\u00fdkon do stovek megavoltamp\u00e9r\u016f (MVA) a n\u011bkdy dokonce p\u0159esahuje 1 GVA. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Konstrukce klasick\u00e9ho transform\u00e1toru<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Standardn\u00ed, jedna z nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch konstrukc\u00ed transform\u00e1toru pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u017eelezn\u00e9 j\u00e1dro slo\u017een\u00e9 z plechov\u00fdch svazk\u016f z elektrotechnick\u00e9 oceli. Tento svazek plech\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed magnetick\u00fd vodi\u010d neboli magnetick\u00fd obvod transform\u00e1toru. J\u00e1dra mohou m\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00e9 tvary – nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou j\u00e1dra EI, EE, UI a tak\u00e9 toroidn\u00ed j\u00e1dra. Pou\u017eit\u00ed plech\u016f m\u00edsto pln\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra sni\u017euje ztr\u00e1ty v\u00fdkonu zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 hysterez\u00ed a v\u00ed\u0159iv\u00fdmi proudy. Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed transform\u00e1tor m\u00e1 dv\u011b vinut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou od sebe elektricky odd\u011blena – prim\u00e1rn\u00ed vinut\u00ed a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed vinut\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 vinut\u00ed je navinuto m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm (nebo m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto hlin\u00edkov\u00fdm) dr\u00e1tem pokryt\u00fdm vrstvou izola\u010dn\u00edho smaltu. Vinut\u00ed jsou navinuta na plastov\u00e9m t\u011blese, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 svorky pro za\u010d\u00e1tky a konce jednotliv\u00fdch vinut\u00ed. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jak funguje transform\u00e1tor?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pro \u00fa\u010dely na\u0161\u00ed diskuse pop\u00ed\u0161eme princip \u010dinnosti jednof\u00e1zov\u00e9ho dvouvinu\u0165ov\u00e9ho transform\u00e1toru. Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed vinut\u00ed je p\u0159ipojeno ke zdroji sinusov\u011b st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed vinut\u00ed je p\u0159ipojeno k z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei. Je-li prim\u00e1rn\u00ed obvod uzav\u0159en, prot\u00e9k\u00e1 j\u00edm sinusov\u011b st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud. Pr\u016ftok proudu v prim\u00e1rn\u00edm vinut\u00ed vytvo\u0159\u00ed magnetick\u00fd tok, kter\u00fd mus\u00ed m\u00edt uzav\u0159enou dr\u00e1hu – vznik magnetick\u00e9ho toku by nebyl mo\u017en\u00fd, kdybychom na prim\u00e1rn\u00ed vinut\u00ed p\u0159ivedli stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Tok magnetick\u00e9ho toku v j\u00e1d\u0159e podle Faradayova induk\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1kona vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 elektromotorickou s\u00edlu v sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm vinut\u00ed. Proto\u017ee je sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed obvod uzav\u0159en impedanc\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010de, bude v tomto vinut\u00ed prot\u00e9kat proud. Elektromotorick\u00e1 s\u00edla indukovan\u00e1 v sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm vinut\u00ed bude m\u00edt hodnotu, kter\u00e1 \u00fam\u011brn\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na po\u010dtu z\u00e1vit\u016f tohoto vinut\u00ed a na rychlosti zm\u011bny magnetick\u00e9ho toku v j\u00e1d\u0159e v \u010dase (derivace). \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pro\u010d transform\u00e1tory \"bzu\u010d\u00ed\"?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b transform\u00e1tor\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00edch na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 frekvenci, tj. 50 Hz nebo 60 Hz, je charakteristick\u00fdm rysem v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b sly\u0161iteln\u00e9 “bzu\u010den\u00ed”. Frekvence tohoto bzu\u010den\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 dvojn\u00e1sobku s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 frekvence. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i polsk\u00e9 frekvenci nap\u011bt\u00ed bude sly\u0161et t\u00f3n o frekvenci 100 Hz a p\u0159i americk\u00e9 frekvenci nap\u011bt\u00ed t\u00f3n o frekvenci 120 Hz. Toto charakteristick\u00e9 bzu\u010den\u00ed je zp\u016fsobeno jevem magnetostrikce. Kdy\u017e si vezmeme pod lupu, co se d\u011bje v plech\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed j\u00e1dro transform\u00e1toru, pozorujeme uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd pohyb magnetick\u00fdch dip\u00f3l\u016f, kter\u00e9 podle \u010dasov\u00e9ho pr\u016fb\u011bhu a frekvence magnetick\u00e9ho toku v j\u00e1d\u0159e zm\u011bn\u00ed svou polaritu. V d\u016fsledku tohoto jevu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k mikroskopick\u00e9mu stla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a roztahov\u00e1n\u00ed plech\u016f, jeho\u017e vedlej\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem je pr\u00e1v\u011b charakteristick\u00e9 “bzu\u010den\u00ed” – \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce je transform\u00e1tor zat\u00ed\u017een, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bude \u0161um. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Transform\u00e1tory pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch mobiln\u00edch a stacion\u00e1rn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Transform\u00e1tory jsou ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed konstrukce nap\u00e1jec\u00edch zdroj\u016f pro dom\u00e1c\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 spot\u0159ebi\u010de – to plat\u00ed jak pro nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroje v t\u011blese spot\u0159ebi\u010de, tak pro vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroje. Pomoc\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00edho zdroje s transform\u00e1torem, kter\u00fd pracuje na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 frekvenci, lze sn\u00ed\u017eit nap\u011bt\u00ed 230 V na bezpe\u010dnou \u00farove\u0148 nap\u011bt\u00ed (nap\u0159. 24 V, 12 V, 9 V a dal\u0161\u00ed), pro kterou je spot\u0159ebi\u010d ur\u010den. Rozli\u0161ujeme nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroje st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed pouze z transform\u00e1toru, a nap\u00e1jec\u00ed zdroje stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, kde je na stran\u011b vinut\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomen tak\u00e9 usm\u011br\u0148ovac\u00ed m\u016fstek a kondenz\u00e1tory a u stabilizovan\u00fdch nap\u00e1jec\u00edch zdroj\u016f tak\u00e9 regul\u00e1tor nap\u011bt\u00ed. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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V\u00fdkonov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory: z elektr\u00e1ren do tov\u00e1ren, kancel\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Transform\u00e1tory pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v elektr\u00e1rn\u00e1ch.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi transform\u00e1tory z hlediska velikosti a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu jsou v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory. Jsou to spojky mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi uzly energetick\u00e9 soustavy, kter\u00e9 pracuj\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00fdch nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch. V Polsku ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed elektriza\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b transform\u00e1tory spojuj\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed (NN) 400 kV a 220 kV, s\u00edt\u011b vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (VN) 110 kV, s\u00edt\u011b st\u0159edn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed (VN) 20 kV, 15 kV, 10 kV a 6 kV a s\u00edt\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (NN) 0,4 kV\/0,23 kV. Jedn\u00e1 se o t\u0159\u00edf\u00e1zov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory, tj. transform\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed na j\u00e1d\u0159e po t\u0159ech vinut\u00edch pro obvody horn\u00edho a doln\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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V z\u00e1vislosti na nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 \u00farovni jsou vinut\u00ed navz\u00e1jem spojena do troj\u00faheln\u00edku, izolovan\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy nebo uzemn\u011bn\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy. F\u00e1zov\u00fd posun 120\u00b0 mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi vinut\u00edmi m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek vznik mezif\u00e1zov\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Transformace nap\u011bt\u00ed v elektriza\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b se prov\u00e1d\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159enosov\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t na veden\u00edch. Krom\u011b toho se v elektroenergetice pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 f\u00e1zov\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edda\u010de – transform\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed regulovat f\u00e1zov\u00fd posun mezi proudy a nap\u011bt\u00edmi na jednotliv\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch, aby se zavedla zm\u011bna rozlo\u017een\u00ed \u010dinn\u00e9ho a jalov\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kdy\u017e v\u00e1m dojde m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko: m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed transform\u00e1tor\u016f<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, jako je voltmetr nebo amp\u00e9rmetr, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed samostatn\u011b nebo spojen\u00e9 v multimetru, lze m\u011b\u0159it proudy a nap\u011bt\u00ed. Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1, kdy\u017e m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 veli\u010diny p\u0159es\u00e1hnou m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed rozsah p\u0159\u00edstroje. K tomuto \u00fa\u010delu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed transform\u00e1tory proudu a nap\u011bt\u00ed – speci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed transform\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 lze nal\u00e9zt p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch a v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00edch a tak\u00e9 v elektroenergetice. Transform\u00e1tory proudu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed proudu a pracuj\u00ed ve stavu bl\u00edzk\u00e9m zkratu – prim\u00e1rn\u00ed vinut\u00ed transform\u00e1toru je zapojeno p\u0159\u00edmo do s\u00e9rie s obvodem, v n\u011bm\u017e se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed proud, a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed vinut\u00ed je uzav\u0159eno \u00fast\u00edm m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstroje. Naproti tomu transform\u00e1tor nap\u011bt\u00ed pracuje ve stavu bl\u00edzk\u00e9m p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed obvodu a umo\u017e\u0148uje m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed. Jeden z p\u00f3l\u016f na stran\u011b sekund\u00e1rn\u00edho obvodu je uzemn\u011bn. Transform\u00e1tory se v elektroenergetice pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v syst\u00e9mech automatick\u00e9 ochrany a pro \u00fa\u010dely \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed elekt\u0159iny. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Zku\u0161ebn\u00ed transform\u00e1tory: Dojde k pr\u016frazu?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ne\u017e se vybuduje dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st elektrick\u00e9 infrastruktury, p\u0159es kterou bude proudit elekt\u0159ina ke spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm, je nutn\u00e9 d\u016fkladn\u011b otestovat v\u0161echny komponenty, kter\u00e9 tuto infrastrukturu tvo\u0159\u00ed – bez ohledu na to, zda elekt\u0159ina poch\u00e1z\u00ed z tepeln\u00e9, v\u011btrn\u00e9 nebo fotovoltaick\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b funguj\u00edc\u00ed gener\u00e1tory, transform\u00e1tory a p\u0159enosov\u00e1 veden\u00ed by m\u011bly b\u00fdt vybaveny tak\u00e9 spr\u00e1vnou sadou izol\u00e1tor\u016f. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu jsou elektroizola\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my p\u0159ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v\u00fdrobn\u00edho z\u00e1vodu p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b testov\u00e1ny na mechanickou a elektrickou pevnost. P\u0159i zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch elektrick\u00e9 izolace se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zku\u0161ebn\u00ed transform\u00e1tory, co\u017e jsou jednof\u00e1zov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory pro zkou\u0161en\u00ed elektroizola\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f a z nich vyroben\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed proti provozn\u00edm a poruchov\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm p\u0159i s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 frekvenci. Pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed zku\u0161ebn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed se k horn\u00edmu nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9mu vinut\u00ed p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed kask\u00e1dov\u00e9 kondenz\u00e1tory vhodn\u00e9 pro p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b vysok\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pod \u017elutou p\u00e1skou: pulzn\u00ed transform\u00e1tory<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pokud jste n\u011bkdy vid\u011bli vnit\u0159ek po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 nap\u00e1jec\u00ed jednotky, je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee jste si v\u0161imli transform\u00e1toru se \u017elutou izola\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1skou na vinut\u00ed. S nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed se jednalo o pulzn\u00ed transform\u00e1tor! Takov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve sp\u00ednan\u00fdch nap\u00e1jec\u00edch zdroj\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u00edch, v nich\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke sp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed proud\u016f a nap\u011bt\u00ed s frekvenc\u00ed n\u011bkolika tis\u00edc hertz\u016f. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pulzn\u00ed transform\u00e1tory pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 mimo jin\u00e9 v nap\u00e1jec\u00edch zdroj\u00edch. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pulzn\u00ed transform\u00e1tor p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed a upravuje \u00farove\u0148 nap\u011bt\u00ed podle aplikace – podle toho, zda chcete nap\u011bt\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit nebo zv\u00fd\u0161it. Vzhledem k vysok\u00fdm sp\u00ednac\u00edm frekvenc\u00edm vy\u017eaduj\u00ed pulzn\u00ed transform\u00e1tory nanokrystalick\u00e1 j\u00e1dra, aby se minimalizovaly hysterezn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty a v\u00ed\u0159iv\u00e9 proudy. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm: odd\u011blovac\u00ed transform\u00e1tory<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Z hlediska z\u00e1kladn\u00ed konstrukce a principu \u010dinnosti se odd\u011blovac\u00ed transform\u00e1tory nijak neli\u0161\u00ed od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch transform\u00e1tor\u016f, kter\u00e9 najdeme nap\u0159\u00edklad v line\u00e1rn\u00edch nap\u00e1jec\u00edch zdroj\u00edch, ale maj\u00ed jednu zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost – jejich pom\u011br je 1. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nap\u011bt\u00ed na sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm a prim\u00e1rn\u00edm obvodu je stejn\u00e9. Takov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u0161ude tam, kde je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko \u00farazu elektrick\u00fdm proudem, nap\u0159. v d\u016fsledku nadm\u011brn\u00e9 vlhkosti. Je-li spot\u0159ebi\u010d nap\u00e1jen p\u0159es odd\u011blovac\u00ed transform\u00e1tor, nebude m\u00edt proud v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed izolace uzav\u0159enou zp\u011btnou cestu. Aby bylo toto krit\u00e9rium spln\u011bno, nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt odd\u011blovac\u00ed transform\u00e1tor p\u0159ipojen k zemi, proto\u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zemn\u00edho spojen\u00ed se po\u0161kozen\u00fd obvod uzav\u0159e p\u0159es t\u011bleso k zemi a m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k \u00farazu elektrick\u00fdm proudem. P\u0159i d\u00edlensk\u00fdch prac\u00edch na elektronice, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i nap\u011bt\u00ed na \u00farovni s\u00edt\u011b nn a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zachovat zv\u00fd\u0161enou bezpe\u010dnost. K tomuto \u00fa\u010delu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 odd\u011blovac\u00ed transform\u00e1tory, kter\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad elektricky odd\u011bluj\u00ed m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj od zkou\u0161en\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. To plat\u00ed zejm\u00e9na pro ochranu osciloskop\u016f, kde je uzemn\u011bn\u00ed fyzicky spojeno s uzemn\u011bn\u00edm osciloskopu. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Na jednom vinut\u00ed: autotransform\u00e1tory
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Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edpadem transform\u00e1tor\u016f jsou autotransform\u00e1tory. Od klasick\u00e9ho dvouvinut\u00e9ho transform\u00e1toru se li\u0161\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee autotransform\u00e1tor m\u00e1 jedno vinut\u00ed s odbo\u010dkami a p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010dem odbo\u010dek. Nev\u00fdhodou tohoto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je absence galvanick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed. Takov\u00fd transform\u00e1tor m\u00e1 v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159esnou regulaci nap\u011bt\u00ed s mal\u00fdm p\u0159evodov\u00fdm pom\u011brem. Autotransform\u00e1tory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v elektroenergetice pro transformaci velmi vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (NN) na vysok\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (VN). Takov\u00e9 konstrukce pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed automaticky \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d odbo\u010dek v Jansenov\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, kde doba skoku mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi odbo\u010dkami odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pouze jedn\u00e9 period\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eky s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (0,02 s p\u0159i 50 Hz). Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se tak\u00e9 s laboratorn\u00edmi autotransform\u00e1tory, kde se regulace prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed knofl\u00edku ovl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho polohu uhl\u00edkov\u00e9ho kart\u00e1\u010de. Zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je, \u017ee autotransform\u00e1tor pou\u017e\u00edval americk\u00fd kytarista Edward Van Halen – zm\u011bnou nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed sv\u00e9ho lampov\u00e9ho kytarov\u00e9ho zesilova\u010de ovliv\u0148oval v\u00fdsledn\u00fd zvuk! \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Slad\u011bn\u00ed impedance: reproduktorov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Existuje skupina elektroakustick\u00fdch zesilova\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 krom\u011b v\u00fdkonov\u00e9ho transform\u00e1toru je\u0161t\u011b druh\u00fd transform\u00e1tor – to se t\u00fdk\u00e1 elektronkov\u00fdch zesilova\u010d\u016f, u nich\u017e je alespo\u0148 v\u00fdkonov\u00fd stupe\u0148 vyroben na elektronk\u00e1ch. V takov\u00fdch zesilova\u010d\u00edch je nutn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt reproduktorov\u00fd transform\u00e1tor. Jeho \u00fakolem je sladit vysokou v\u00fdstupn\u00ed impedanci v\u00fdkonov\u00e9ho stupn\u011b s n\u00edzkou impedanc\u00ed reproduktoru. V takov\u00e9m transform\u00e1toru pro zesilova\u010d v topologii push-pull m\u00e1 vinut\u00ed na stran\u011b elektronky st\u0159edovou odbo\u010dku, ke kter\u00e9 je p\u0159ipojeno nap\u011bt\u00ed nap\u00e1jej\u00edc\u00ed anody elektronky, k nim\u017e jsou p\u0159ipojeny krajn\u00ed konce vinut\u00ed transform\u00e1toru. Druh\u00e9 vinut\u00ed je naproti tomu navinuto siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dr\u00e1tem a m\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1vit\u016f ve vztahu k vinut\u00ed na stran\u011b elektronek – k tomuto vinut\u00ed jsou p\u0159ipojeny svorky reproduktoru. U stereofonn\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dva reproduktorov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory. Reproduktorov\u00e9 transform\u00e1tory se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v rozhlasov\u00fdch vys\u00edla\u010d\u00edch ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159enosov\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t na propojovac\u00edch vodi\u010d\u00edch mezi zesilova\u010dem a reproduktory. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bez jiskry nepojedete a ani neposek\u00e1te tr\u00e1vu: zapalovac\u00ed c\u00edvky\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Benz\u00ednov\u00e9 motory jsou z\u00e1kladem mnoha automobil\u016f, motocykl\u016f nebo seka\u010dek na tr\u00e1vu. V t\u011bchto motorech se tepeln\u00e1 energie uvoln\u011bn\u00e1 p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed sm\u011bsi benz\u00ednu a vzduchu p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje na mechanickou energii vratn\u00e9ho pohybu jednotky p\u00edst-klika- klikov\u00fd h\u0159\u00eddel, co\u017e vede k rota\u010dn\u00edmu pohybu klikov\u00e9ho h\u0159\u00eddele. P\u0159i provozu \u010dty\u0159dob\u00e9ho p\u00edstov\u00e9ho motoru se sm\u011bs benz\u00ednu a vzduchu zapaluje jednou za dv\u011b ot\u00e1\u010dky klikov\u00e9ho h\u0159\u00eddele. Aby k tomuto jevu do\u0161lo, kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e p\u00edst dos\u00e1hne bodu GMP (horn\u00ed mrtv\u00fd bod), je mezi elektrodami zapalovac\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dky p\u0159ivedeno vysok\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159eskok jiskry mezi st\u0159edovou a bo\u010dn\u00ed elektrodou. K vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed v zapalovac\u00edm syst\u00e9mu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 transform\u00e1tor zvan\u00fd zapalovac\u00ed c\u00edvka. Na jeho vinut\u00ed s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00edm je nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bno pulzn\u011b – d\u0159\u00edve prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm elektromechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159eru\u0161ova\u010de a dnes prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm elektronicky \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho tranzistoru. Rychl\u00fd rozpad magnetick\u00e9ho toku v j\u00e1d\u0159e takov\u00e9ho transform\u00e1toru zp\u016fsob\u00ed, \u017ee se v jeho horn\u00edm nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9m vinut\u00ed objev\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vede k prora\u017een\u00ed mezielektrodov\u00e9 mezery – a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem se motor nezastav\u00ed a vy m\u016f\u017eete jet d\u00e1l! \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Najdeme je jak v dom\u00e1c\u00edch elektrick\u00fdch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch, tak v ob\u0159\u00edch elektr\u00e1rn\u00e1ch – seznamte se s transform\u00e1tory!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":63403,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-93980","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTransform\u00e1tor - Co to je a jak funguje? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Transform\u00e1tory se \u010dasto vyskytuj\u00ed v elektronice a elektrotechnice v nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu - zjist\u011bte tajemstv\u00ed jejich konstrukce, principy fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a pou\u017eit\u00ed!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/transformator-co-to-je-a-jak-funguje\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Transform\u00e1tor - Co to je a jak funguje? 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