{"id":94148,"date":"2020-01-08T13:26:30","date_gmt":"2020-01-08T12:26:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/przetwornice-impulsowe-step-up-step-down-jak-to-dziala\/"},"modified":"2024-10-31T12:00:35","modified_gmt":"2024-10-31T11:00:35","slug":"pulzni-menice-step-up-step-down-jak-to-funguje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/pulzni-menice-step-up-step-down-jak-to-funguje\/","title":{"rendered":"Pulzn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de (step up\/step down) &#8211; Jak to funguje?"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 7<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"94148\" class=\"elementor elementor-94148 elementor-2452\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ac3a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ac3a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e718b79\" data-id=\"7e718b79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42cf506a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42cf506a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ed n\u011bkolika desetilet\u00edmi byla v\u011bt\u0161ina elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nap\u00e1jena n\u011bkolika standardn\u00edmi nap\u011bt\u00edmi a po\u017eadavky na p\u0159esnost stabilizace nebo \u00fa\u010dinnost nap\u00e1jec\u00edch zdroj\u016f byly ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e na za\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed. Za tuto dobu se zm\u011bnily nejen rozsahy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch nap\u00e1jec\u00edch nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8211; nyn\u00ed se tak\u00e9 zab\u00fdv\u00e1me \u00fasporou energie, co\u017e se projevuje jak ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi poplatky (v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch ze s\u00edt\u011b), tak del\u0161\u00ed dobou provozu (v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch z bateri\u00ed nebo akumul\u00e1tor\u016f). <strong>Line\u00e1rn\u00ed regul\u00e1tory<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit a stabilizovat (&#8220;vyhladit&#8221;) nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, jsou vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pro obvody s mal\u00fdm odb\u011brem proudu (obvykle do jednoho amp\u00e9ru). V\u00fdhodou integrovan\u00fdch regul\u00e1tor\u016f nap\u011bt\u00ed je bezpochyby n\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed a snadn\u00e1 aplikace v jak\u00e9mkoli elektronick\u00e9m obvodu. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem jsou v\u0161ak <strong>zna\u010dn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty v\u00fdkonu<\/strong> &#8211; \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fdstupn\u00edmu proudu a rozd\u00edlu mezi vstupn\u00edm a v\u00fdstupn\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00edm obvodu. <strong>Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9ho tepla<\/strong> ji\u017e vy\u017eaduje pou\u017eit\u00ed chladi\u010de &#8211; jinak se stabiliz\u00e1tor zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit \u0159adu probl\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159i pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm provozu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Takov\u00e1 situace je tak\u00e9 velmi nev\u00fdhodn\u00e1 z hlediska <strong>energetick\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t, odeb\u00edran\u00fdch ze zdroje<\/strong> &#8211; pokud je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nap\u00e1jeno z baterie nebo akumul\u00e1toru, zkr\u00e1t\u00ed se doba provozu tohoto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o v\u00edce ne\u017e polovinu oproti situaci, kdy by bylo pou\u017eito jin\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. <strong>O jak\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1?<\/strong>    <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>M\u011bni\u010d DC\/DC<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak sn\u00ed\u017eit ztr\u00e1ty p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, je&#8230; jeho p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed (st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 zap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed a vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed). To se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mus\u00ed d\u00edt dostate\u010dn\u011b rychle, aby tato \u010dinnost nenaru\u0161ovala \u010dinnost nap\u00e1jen\u00e9ho obvodu. Pokud v\u00e1s jako prvn\u00ed napadne asociace na <strong>PWM modulaci<\/strong> (pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se nap\u0159\u00edklad ke zm\u011bn\u011b jasu LED diody nebo ot\u00e1\u010dek stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho motoru), pak velmi dob\u0159e! Mnoho m\u011bni\u010d\u016f pracuje pr\u00e1v\u011b na takov\u00e9m principu. Samotn\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak nesta\u010d\u00ed &#8211; pot\u0159ebujete je\u0161t\u011b sou\u010d\u00e1stky, kter\u00e9 zajist\u00ed &#8220;vyhlazen\u00ed&#8221; pr\u016fb\u011bhu nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8211; proto se v m\u011bni\u010d\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u010dasto pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9, kondenz\u00e1tory a tlumivky (tlumivky). Zat\u00edmco v\u0161ak kondenz\u00e1tory funguj\u00ed jako ur\u010dit\u00fd druh filtru, pou\u017eit\u00ed induk\u010dn\u00edch prvk\u016f je pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e9 &#8211; funguj\u00ed jako z\u00e1sob\u00e1rna energie, kter\u00e1 po p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k nap\u00e1jec\u00edmu nap\u011bt\u00ed energii shroma\u017e\u010fuje a po odpojen\u00ed ji vrac\u00ed.     <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pro spr\u00e1vnou funkci proto <strong>DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010d<\/strong> vy\u017eaduje &#8211; krom\u011b <strong>regul\u00e1toru<\/strong> v podob\u011b integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu a v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch <strong>kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f<\/strong> a (alespo\u0148 jedn\u00e9) <strong>c\u00edvky<\/strong> &#8211; prvek, kter\u00fd funguje jako sp\u00edna\u010d. Tuto funkci nejl\u00e9pe pln\u00ed<strong> tranzistory MOSFET<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 jsou schopny v\u00e9st i velk\u00e9 proudy bez v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch energetick\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b navr\u017een\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d proto generuje nesrovnateln\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b tepla ne\u017e i mal\u00fd line\u00e1rn\u00ed stabiliz\u00e1tor (za stejn\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek). <strong>K\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e1 dioda<\/strong> je tak\u00e9 nezbytn\u00e1 pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed toku proud\u016f tekouc\u00edch v obvodu spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.   <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>\u0158azen\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d\u016f DC\/DC<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dosud jsme se zab\u00fdvali pouze jednou aplikac\u00ed DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010d\u016f, tzv. <strong><em>step-down<\/em><\/strong> nebo <em><strong>buck<\/strong> <\/em>&#8211; tj. <strong>sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed vzhledem k nap\u011bt\u00ed dod\u00e1van\u00e9mu zdrojem<\/strong>. Vhodnou zm\u011bnou zapojen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek (kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho tranzistoru, c\u00edvky a diody) lze dos\u00e1hnout <strong>p\u0159esn\u00e9ho opaku<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed na hodnotu (i mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b) vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je nap\u011bt\u00ed dod\u00e1van\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010dem<\/strong>. Takov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed <strong><em>step-up<\/em><\/strong> m\u011bni\u010de nebo boost m\u011bni\u010de. <strong><em>Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>. N\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de jsou tak\u00e9 schopny pracovat v <strong>obou t\u011bchto konfigurac\u00edch<\/strong> a automaticky p\u0159ep\u00ednaj\u00ed &#8220;pracovn\u00ed cyklus&#8221; podle toho, zda je vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zadan\u00e9 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed <strong><em>buck-boost<\/em><\/strong>. V n\u011bkolika p\u0159\u00edpadech je nutn\u00e9 z\u00edskat nap\u011bt\u00ed s opa\u010dnou polaritou, ne\u017e m\u00e1 nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, nebo &#8211; zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno &#8211; &#8220;obr\u00e1tit jeho p\u00f3ly&#8221;. To je p\u0159\u00edpad za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 pro spr\u00e1vnou funkci vy\u017eaduj\u00ed nejen kladn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v\u016f\u010di zemi syst\u00e9mu, ale tak\u00e9 z\u00e1porn\u00e9 (naz\u00fdv\u00e1me je syst\u00e9my se <em>symetrick\u00fdm<\/em> nap\u00e1jen\u00edm).       Invertuj\u00edc\u00ed DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010de (\u201e<em>inverting DC\/DC<\/em>\u201c) jsou zdaleka nejm\u00e9n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvanou, i kdy\u017e velmi u\u017eite\u010dnou variantou zvy\u0161ovac\u00edho m\u011bni\u010de.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u011blen\u00ed lze prov\u00e9st na <strong>z\u00e1klad\u011b konstrukce obvod\u016f<\/strong>. V minulosti se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s m\u011bni\u010di, kter\u00e9 jsou sestaveny ze souboru mnoha polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch prvk\u016f (tranzistory, diody, n\u011bkdy jednoduch\u00e9 integrovan\u00e9 obvody) a pasivn\u00edch prvk\u016f (rezistory, kondenz\u00e1tory a c\u00edvky). Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed integrovan\u00fdch ovlada\u010d\u016f pro boost m\u011bni\u010de na trhu zp\u016fsobilo, \u017ee k sestaven\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00edho a stabiln\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed pouze jedna &#8220;kostka&#8221; a n\u011bkolik&#8230; des\u00edtek extern\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1stek.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je obl\u00edben\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na u konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed integrovat samotn\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d s ostatn\u00edmi obvody za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na jedinou desku plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i pou\u017eit\u00ed hotov\u00e9 \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotky vy\u017eaduje, aby konstrukt\u00e9r m\u011bl zna\u010dn\u00e9 znalosti o \u00faskal\u00edch, kter\u00e1 na n\u011bj \u010d\u00edhaj\u00ed, a o tom, jak \u0159e\u0161it konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed praktick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed metodou je proto pou\u017eit\u00ed hotov\u00e9ho <strong>modulu DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010de<\/strong> &#8211; touto cestou se dnes vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed tis\u00edce konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f elektroniky, proto\u017ee se tak vyhnou probl\u00e9m\u016fm se stabilitou nebo v\u00fdkonem obvodu, v\u00fdrazn\u011b zkr\u00e1t\u00ed dobu sestaven\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a obvykle tak\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1klady na sou\u010d\u00e1stky.  <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti je problematika konstrukce DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010d\u016f slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed &#8211; v ka\u017ed\u00e9 z uveden\u00fdch skupin lze nal\u00e9zt syst\u00e9my konstruovan\u00e9 zcela odli\u0161n\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00falohu m\u011bni\u010de buck-boost m\u016f\u017ee plnit speci\u00e1ln\u00ed typ m\u011bni\u010de, tzv. <strong><em>SEPIC<\/em> <\/strong>nebo slo\u017eit\u00fd, ale tak\u00e9 velmi flexibiln\u00ed syst\u00e9m, tzv. <strong><em>Flyback<\/em><\/strong>. Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee abychom mohli m\u011bni\u010de pou\u017e\u00edvat, m\u016f\u017eeme je tedy rozd\u011blit <strong>podle jejich funkce<\/strong>:  <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a style=\"font-weight: bold;\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/277-step-up-prevadece\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">zvy\u0161ovac\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de (step-up)<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li><a style=\"font-weight: bold;\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/278-step-down-prevadece\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">sni\u017eovac\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de (step-down)<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li><a style=\"font-weight: bold;\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/276-prevadece-step-up-step-down\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">m\u011bni\u010de buck-boost<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>invertuj\u00edc\u00ed DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010de (inverting DC\/DC),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>a vzhledem ke konstrukci syst\u00e9mu:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m\u011bni\u010de s diskr\u00e9tn\u00edmi a sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdmi prvky (s integrovan\u00fdmi regul\u00e1tory),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>modul\u00e1rn\u00edch st\u0159\u00edda\u010d\u016f ve vlastnoru\u010dn\u011b postaven\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch, nemus\u00edte m\u00edt v\u016fbec podrobn\u00e9 znalosti konstruk\u010dn\u00ed problematiky &#8211; pokud se rozhodnete pou\u017e\u00edt modul\u00e1rn\u00ed st\u0159\u00edda\u010d, sta\u010d\u00ed v\u011bnovat pozornost n\u011bkolika z\u00e1kladn\u00edm parametr\u016fm.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Parametry m\u011bni\u010d\u016f DC\/DC<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi parametry<\/strong> ka\u017ed\u00e9ho DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010de jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b <strong>rozsahy nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> vstupn\u00edho (nap\u00e1jej\u00edc\u00edho m\u011bni\u010d) a v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed a <strong>maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed proud, kter\u00fd<\/strong> m\u016f\u017ee modul dod\u00e1vat. N\u011bkter\u00e9 moduly jsou vybaveny miniaturn\u00edm potenciometrem, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje u\u017eivateli nez\u00e1visle nastavit libovolnou hodnotu v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed (kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak pat\u0159\u00ed do rozsahu nab\u00edzen\u00e9ho p\u0159evodn\u00edkem). Je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu typ m\u011bni\u010de. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed sni\u017eovac\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d Pololu s ozna\u010den\u00edm D24V22F6 generuje pevn\u00e9 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed 6 V, ale je t\u0159eba mu dodat nap\u011bt\u00ed alespo\u0148 o 0,4 V vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed (ne v\u0161ak vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 36 V).   <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Hodnota maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdstupn\u00edho proudu m\u011bni\u010de se obvykle ud\u00e1v\u00e1 pro optim\u00e1ln\u00ed provozn\u00ed podm\u00ednky &#8211; tj. specifikovan\u00fd rozsah vstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed (a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b regulovan\u00fdch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f tak\u00e9 rozsah v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed). Pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed tzv. provozn\u00edho bodu je nutn\u00e9 vych\u00e1zet z graf\u016f, kter\u00e9 najdete v tabulce. Pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed tzv. provozn\u00edho bodu je <strong>nutn\u00e9 nahl\u00e9dnout do graf\u016f<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 zobrazuj\u00ed dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed parametry v z\u00e1vislosti na &#8220;syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 situaci&#8221;.   <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Zm\u011bna nap\u011bt\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdkonu<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem, kter\u00fd nelze p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed st\u0159\u00edda\u010d\u016f boost p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout, je <strong>ot\u00e1zka odeb\u00edran\u00e9ho a dod\u00e1van\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu ze zdroje<\/strong>. Sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d sou\u010dasn\u011b zvy\u0161uje maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed proud, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e odeb\u00edrat z jeho v\u00fdstupu, a podobn\u011b zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d nab\u00edz\u00ed &#8211; za cenu vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8211; men\u0161\u00ed rozsah p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee dobr\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed za optim\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek, dod\u00e1v\u00e1 do z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee tolik v\u00fdkonu, kolik odebral ze zdroje. Nap\u0159\u00edklad odeb\u00edr\u00e1-li elektronick\u00fd obvod proud 0,5 A p\u0159i nap\u00e1jec\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed 12 V, je v\u00fdkon (rovn\u00fd sou\u010dinu proudu a nap\u011bt\u00ed) 6 W. Pokud je sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d nap\u00e1jen nap\u011bt\u00edm 24 V, bude odb\u011br vstupn\u00edho proudu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b roven 0,25 A (proto\u017ee 24 V * 0,25 A = 6 W). Jak u\u017e to v \u017eivot\u011b b\u00fdv\u00e1, situace nen\u00ed tak ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, jak by se mohlo zd\u00e1t &#8211; proto\u017ee do v\u00fdpo\u010dtu je t\u0159eba zahrnout nevyhnuteln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty v\u00fdkonu.    <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Efektivita aneb jak neztratit p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho energie<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak ji\u017e v\u00edte, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou line\u00e1rn\u00edch stabiliz\u00e1tor\u016f je vysok\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta v\u00fdkonu spojen\u00e1 s nutnost\u00ed odv\u00e1d\u011bt p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdkon ve form\u011b tepla. P\u0159esto\u017ee jsou m\u011bni\u010de DC\/DC v tomto ohledu mnohem \u00fasporn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dnou elektronickou sou\u010d\u00e1stku nebo obvod (s v\u00fdjimkou tzv. supravodi\u010d\u016f) nelze pova\u017eovat za ide\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stku (nebo obvod). <strong>\u00da\u010dinnost m\u011bni\u010de<\/strong>, dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd parametr ka\u017ed\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu tohoto typu, je (vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno v procentech) pom\u011br v\u00fdstupn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu k v\u00fdkonu, kter\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d spot\u0159ebuje ze zdroje. Pokud m\u00e1 m\u011bni\u010d za dan\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek \u00fa\u010dinnost 85 %, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee 15 % energie se ztr\u00e1c\u00ed ve form\u011b tepla prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm sp\u00ednac\u00edho tranzistoru a tlumivky). Vr\u00e1t\u00edme-li se k p\u0159\u00edkladu z p\u0159edchoz\u00edho odstavce, m\u016f\u017eeme snadno vypo\u010d\u00edtat skute\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdkon spot\u0159ebovan\u00fd m\u011bni\u010dem ze zdroje 24 V &#8211; sta\u010d\u00ed vyd\u011blit v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon (6 W) \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed (zde p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme 85 %), vyj\u00e1d\u0159enou zlomkem (tj. 0,85). V\u00fdsledek je 7,06 W. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee proud odeb\u00edran\u00fd m\u011bni\u010dem bude: 7,06 W \/ 24 V = 0,29 A. Je t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinnost m\u011bni\u010de z\u00e1vis\u00ed na skute\u010dn\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed a zat\u011b\u017eovac\u00ed proud (v n\u011bkter\u00fdch situac\u00edch je t\u0159eba zohlednit tak\u00e9 okoln\u00ed teplotu nebo provozn\u00ed re\u017eim &#8211; pokud jsou tyto \u00fadaje uvedeny v\u00fdrobcem v katalogov\u00e9m listu m\u011bni\u010de).    <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Praktick\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky k pou\u017eit\u00ed posilovac\u00edch m\u011bni\u010d\u016f<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Ru\u0161en\u00ed a jak se s n\u00edm vypo\u0159\u00e1dat<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee m\u011bni\u010d je, jak ji\u017e n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, pulzn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd syst\u00e9m, je t\u0159eba v\u017edy br\u00e1t v \u00favahu <strong>d\u016fsledky \u0161umu generovan\u00e9ho modulem<\/strong>. Zat\u00edmco v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010d\u016f pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed motor\u016f, osv\u011btlen\u00ed nebo elektromagnet\u016f, nebo dokonce v\u011bt\u0161iny digit\u00e1ln\u00edch obvod\u016f (nap\u0159. Arduino nebo Raspberry Pi) nen\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 \u0161umu a kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de kritick\u00fdm parametrem, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obvod\u016f citliv\u00fdch na zm\u011bny nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed je t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edt vhodn\u00e1 protiopat\u0159en\u00ed. U syst\u00e9m\u016f s n\u00edzkou spot\u0159ebou energie (nap\u0159. audio p\u0159edzesilova\u010de nebo m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed syst\u00e9my s analogov\u011b-digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi a\/nebo digit\u00e1ln\u011b-analogov\u00fdmi p\u0159evodn\u00edky) je nejlep\u0161\u00ed volbou pou\u017eit\u00ed &#8220;m\u00edstn\u00edho&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/88-linearni-stabilizatory\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"><b>line\u00e1rn\u00ed stabiliz\u00e1tor<\/b><\/a>kter\u00fd poskytne citliv\u00fdm obvod\u016fm &#8220;\u010dist\u00e9&#8221; nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed a sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed vliv ru\u0161iv\u00fdch impulz\u016f na minimum.  <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>V\u00fdb\u011br modulu &#8211; rozm\u011bry a zp\u016fsob instalace<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pro mal\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (nap\u0159. p\u0159enosn\u00e1) se vyplat\u00ed zvolit miniaturn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de (nap\u0159.<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/hledat?amp%3Borderby=position&amp;%3Borderway=desc&amp;%3Bsearch_query=przetwornica+pololu&amp;%3Bsubmit_search=\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"> <b>Pololu<\/b><\/a>), kter\u00e9 se k c\u00edlov\u00e9mu obvodu p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed goldpin\u016f. Toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bude dob\u0159e fungovat i u kontaktn\u00edch desek. Pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed obvody s proudov\u00fdm odb\u011brem n\u011bkolika amp\u00e9r se vyplat\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt robustn\u00ed, velk\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d &#8211; takov\u00e9 moduly (nap\u0159.<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/step-up-prevadece\/3728-nastavitelny-stupnovy-prevodnik-50w-12v-35v-6a-5904422359430.html\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"> <b>Stup\u0148ovit\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d 50W regulovan\u00fd 12V-35V \/ 6A<\/b><\/a> ) jsou obvykle ur\u010deny k mont\u00e1\u017ei pomoc\u00ed dvou nebo \u010dty\u0159 \u0161roub\u016f (zva\u017ete pou\u017eit\u00ed plastov\u00fdch<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/37-distancni-vlozky\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"> <b>distan\u010dn\u00ed obj\u00edmky<\/b><\/a>) a jsou vybaveny \u0161roubov\u00fdmi konektory pro vstupn\u00ed a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed kabel\u00e1\u017e. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch bude u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edt zabudovan\u00fd displej, kter\u00fd usnadn\u00ed nastaven\u00ed hodnoty v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed a sledov\u00e1n\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho vstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed (nap\u0159.<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/step-down-prevadece\/4871-lm2596-32v-35v-3a-sestupny-prevodnik-s-displejem-5904422359560.html\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"> <b>LM2596 3,2V-35V 3A sni\u017eovac\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d s displejem<\/b><\/a>).   <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>V\u00fdb\u011br typu m\u011bni\u010de pro syst\u00e9my s bateriov\u00fdm nap\u00e1jen\u00edm\/akumul\u00e1torem<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd je zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdb\u011br spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 konstrukce m\u011bni\u010de (tzv. topologie)<\/strong> &#8211; neexistuje jedin\u00fd univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d pro v\u0161echny aplikace. Mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou pozornost je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat v\u00fdb\u011bru modulu ur\u010den\u00e9ho pro pr\u00e1ci s akumul\u00e1torem, bateri\u00ed (nebo jin\u00fdm zdrojem energie, jeho\u017e hodnota se m\u016f\u017ee b\u011bhem provozu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u011bnit). Chcete-li nap\u0159\u00edklad nap\u00e1jet 5voltov\u00e9 Arduino pomoc\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 s\u00e9riov\u011b zapojen\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f (bateri\u00ed LR6 nebo LR03), nem\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt b\u011b\u017en\u00fd m\u011bni\u010d s redukc\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8211; p\u0159esto\u017ee \u010derstv\u00e1 sada bateri\u00ed bude m\u00edt v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 7 V, po ur\u010dit\u00e9 dob\u011b vyb\u00edjen\u00ed bateri\u00ed jejich celkov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed klesne pod 5 V. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech zva\u017ete pou\u017eit\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de typu buck-boost, kter\u00fd v\u00fdborn\u011b zajist\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu i ve velmi \u0161irok\u00e9m rozsahu vstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Jen m\u011bjte na pam\u011bti, \u017ee cel\u00fd rozsah nap\u011bt\u00ed dosa\u017eiteln\u00fd zdrojem sah\u00e1 od nap\u011bt\u00ed bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edch se hranici vybit\u00ed (tato hodnota z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu baterie nebo akumul\u00e1toru) a\u017e po nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8220;\u010derstv\u00e9&#8221; sady, p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed sou\u010det jmenovit\u00fdch nap\u011bt\u00ed. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u010dty\u0159 zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch bateri\u00ed LR6 nebo LR03 lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee celkov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed sady se bude pohybovat mezi 3,2 V a 7 V. Je t\u0159eba si tak\u00e9 uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee NiMH \u010dl\u00e1nky a akumul\u00e1tory maj\u00ed m\u00edrn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e1 jmenovit\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8211; ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi bateriemi (1,2 V m\u00edsto 1,5 V). Je tak\u00e9 nutn\u00e9 vz\u00edt v \u00favahu, \u017ee p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed bude nap\u011bt\u00ed zdroje nav\u00edc klesat. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu je v\u017edy vhodn\u00e9 volit parametry sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s ur\u010ditou rezervou zdrav\u00e9ho rozumu.      <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Shrnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u011bni\u010de DC\/DC<\/strong> mohou snadno odstranit probl\u00e9my s p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00edm nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed pot\u0159eb\u00e1m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed konstruovan\u00fdch elektroniky. Mo\u017enost prakticky libovoln\u011b zvy\u0161ovat nebo sni\u017eovat nap\u011bt\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje navrhovat \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 nap\u00e1jec\u00ed obvody a s hotov\u00fdmi moduly se \u00faloha prakticky omezuje na p\u0159ipojen\u00ed mal\u00e9 desky k obvodu pomoc\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed nebo \u010dty\u0159 vodi\u010d\u016f. Budete-li m\u00edt na pam\u011bti z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy a parametry popsan\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku, budete moci vybrat ide\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d pro sv\u00e9 pot\u0159eby &#8211; bu\u010f krokov\u00fd, nebo sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed. Podrobn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u011bchto typ\u016f m\u011bni\u010d\u016f je pops\u00e1no v\u00fd\u0161e. Za\u010dn\u011bte realizovat sv\u016fj projekt a prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte si \u0161irokou nab\u00eddku DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010d\u016f v obchod\u011b Botland &#8211; vyberte si modul, kter\u00fd spln\u00ed v\u0161echna va\u0161e o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.    <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55423d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55423d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0f1b150\" data-id=\"0f1b150\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ada7942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ada7942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"k-faq-accord\">\n<h2>Pulzn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de &#8211; FAQ<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"tabs\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck1\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck1\">Co je to sni\u017eovac\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d (step down)?<label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Sni\u017eovac\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de <a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/278-step-down-prevadece\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">step-down<\/a> jsou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e1 ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Slou\u017e\u00ed k p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm p\u0159ipojen\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed jejich stabiln\u00ed a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bezpe\u010dn\u00fd provoz.  \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck2\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck2\">Jak funguje m\u011bni\u010d sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed?\n<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Sni\u017eovac\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de, co\u017e jsou pulzn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jejich\u017e hlavn\u00ed funkc\u00ed je sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed, jsou vybaveny c\u00edvkou. C\u00edvka je cyklicky p\u0159ipojena ke zdroji nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed se ode\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 od nap\u011bt\u00ed c\u00edvky. V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se sni\u017euje vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed.  \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck3\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck3\">K \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pulzn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d?<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Pulzn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159izp\u016fsobit v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm p\u0159ipojen\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Podle typu provozu je d\u011bl\u00edme na m\u011bni\u010de sestupn\u00e9, tj. ty, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, a m\u011bni\u010de zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, tj. ty, kter\u00e9 zvy\u0161uj\u00ed vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed. \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck4\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck4\">Jak funguje m\u011bni\u010d nap\u00e1jen\u00ed?<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Mal\u00fd elektronick\u00fd obvod, pulzn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010d, je vybaven c\u00edvkou, jej\u00ed\u017e \u010dinnost spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159ipojen\u00ed a odpojen\u00ed od zdroje nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. Cel\u00fd proces prob\u00edh\u00e1 automaticky a velmi vysokou rychlost\u00ed. Zp\u016fsob p\u0159ipojen\u00ed c\u00edvky ur\u010duje \u010dinnost cel\u00e9ho m\u011bni\u010de (sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed). Naproti tomu automobilov\u00fd st\u0159\u00edda\u010d (naz\u00fdvan\u00fd tak\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/852-vysoce-vykonne-menice\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fd<\/a> st\u0159\u00edda\u010d) je ur\u010den k v\u00fdrob\u011b st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed 230 V ze stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (12 V DC nebo 24 V DC). Tento typ za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ipojit za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ke sv\u00e9mu provozu vy\u017eaduj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, jak\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v dom\u00e1c\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 z\u00e1suvce.    \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Navzdory zd\u00e1n\u00ed nemaj\u00ed step-up a step-down syst\u00e9my nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s aerobikem nebo tancem. Co jsou to boost m\u011bni\u010de? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":60127,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pulzn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de (step up\/step down) - Jak to funguje? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Zjist\u011bte, co pot\u0159ebujete v\u011bd\u011bt o DC\/DC m\u011bni\u010d\u00edch. 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