{"id":94248,"date":"2023-09-04T14:00:39","date_gmt":"2023-09-04T12:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/tranzystor-npn-co-to-jest-i-jak-dziala\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:06:56","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:06:56","slug":"tranzistor-npn-co-to-je-a-jak-funguje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/tranzistor-npn-co-to-je-a-jak-funguje\/","title":{"rendered":"Tranzistor NPN – co to je a jak funguje?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> 3<\/span> min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t
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Tranzistor NPN je polovodi\u010dov\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1stka, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed jako zesilova\u010d sign\u00e1lu nebo sp\u00edna\u010d v elektronick\u00fdch obvodech. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edme, co to je a jak funguje. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Co je to vlastn\u011b tranzistor?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tranzistor<\/strong><\/a> je kl\u00ed\u010dovou elektronickou sou\u010d\u00e1stkou, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad modern\u00ed technologie. Jedn\u00e1 se o polovodi\u010dov\u00fd obvod,<\/strong> kter\u00fd reguluje tok proudu tak, aby plnil specifick\u00e9 funkce, nap\u0159\u00edklad zesiloval sign\u00e1l nebo fungoval jako sp\u00edna\u010d.<\/strong> <\/p>\n

N\u00e1zev “tranzistor” poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze spojen\u00ed anglick\u00fdch slov “transfer” a “resistor”. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sign\u00e1ly mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi obvodu a jeho odpor je prom\u011bnn\u00fd. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tranzistory jsou vyrobeny z polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu,<\/strong> obvykle z k\u0159em\u00edku<\/strong> nebo germania<\/strong>. Skl\u00e1daj\u00ed se ze t\u0159\u00ed vrstev polovodi\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed dv\u011b pn bari\u00e9ry. V z\u00e1vislosti na typu materi\u00e1lu pou\u017eit\u00e9ho k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto vrstev m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tranzistor NPN<\/strong> (z\u00e1porn\u00fd kladn\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd) nebo PNP<\/strong> (kladn\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd kladn\u00fd). <\/p>\n

Tranzistory lze pou\u017e\u00edt v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le aplikac\u00ed, od jednoduch\u00fdch r\u00e1di\u00ed a\u017e po slo\u017eit\u00e9 obvody v po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch a chytr\u00fdch telefonech. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 schopnosti \u0159\u00eddit proud a nap\u011bt\u00ed v elektronick\u00fdch obvodech jsou nepostradatelnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed modern\u00ed elektroniky. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
P\u0159\u00edklad tranzistor\u016f.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZKONTROLUJTE U SPOLE\u010cNOSTI BOTLAND<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Co je to tranzistor NPN (z\u00e1porn\u011b kladn\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tranzistor NPN<\/strong><\/a> je jedn\u00edm ze dvou typ\u016f bipol\u00e1rn\u00edch<\/strong> tranzistor\u016f (druh\u00fdm je tranzistor PNP), kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi sou\u010d\u00e1stkami v elektronice. Jsou to polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed t\u0159i vrstvy polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed strukturu N-P-N<\/strong>, odtud n\u00e1zev. <\/p>\n

V tranzistoru NPN jsou dv\u011b vrstvy typu N “v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00fdmi nosi\u010di” (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektrony), zat\u00edmco vrstva typu P je “men\u0161inov\u00fdm nosi\u010dem” (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b d\u00edry). Tato struktura ovliv\u0148uje zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm tranzistorem prot\u00e9k\u00e1 proud. <\/p>\n

Tranzistory NPN se hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, od jednoduch\u00fdch obvod\u016f a\u017e po slo\u017eit\u00e9 mikroprocesory. Pochopen\u00ed toho, co je tranzistor NPN a jak funguje, je kl\u00ed\u010dem k lep\u0161\u00edmu porozum\u011bn\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tranzistor NPN - princip \u010dinnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tranzistor NPN<\/strong> pracuje na principu \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho toku proudu mezi dv\u011bma vrstvami typu N (tzv. kolektor a emitor) p\u0159es vrstvu typu P (tzv. b\u00e1ze).<\/p>\n

V tranzistoru NPN je proud b\u00e1ze (I_B) \u0159\u00edzen nap\u011bt\u00edm mezi b\u00e1z\u00ed a emitorem (V_BE). V d\u016fsledku toho je kolektorov\u00fd proud (I_C) do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry nez\u00e1visl\u00fd na nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi kolektorem a emitorem (V_CE), ale je \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd proudu b\u00e1ze. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, tranzistor NPN funguje jako proudov\u00fd zesilova\u010d. <\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm procesem je vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed elektron\u016f z emitoru do b\u00e1ze<\/strong>. Proto\u017ee b\u00e1ze je velmi tenk\u00e1, v\u011bt\u0161ina elektron\u016f j\u00ed proch\u00e1z\u00ed a vstupuje do kolektoru, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznik\u00e1 kolektorov\u00fd proud. <\/p>\n

V aktivn\u00edm re\u017eimu (kdy\u017e V_BE >0,7 V pro k\u0159em\u00edk) se tranzistor NPN chov\u00e1 jako zesilova\u010d. V nasycen\u00e9m re\u017eimu (kdy\u017e V_BE> 0,7 V a V_BC >0,7 V) se tranzistor chov\u00e1 jako sepnut\u00fd sp\u00edna\u010d a umo\u017e\u0148uje pr\u016fchod proudu z kolektoru do emitoru. V uzam\u010den\u00e9m re\u017eimu (kdy\u017e V_BE <0,7 V) se tranzistor chov\u00e1 jako otev\u0159en\u00fd sp\u00edna\u010d, kter\u00fd blokuje tok proudu z kolektoru do emitoru. <\/p>\n

Tranzistory NPN jsou v praxi velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, proto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed regulovat velk\u00fd proud mal\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm, co\u017e je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro aplikace, jako jsou zesilova\u010de a sp\u00edna\u010de.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tranzistor NPN - p\u0159\u00edklady praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tranzistory NPN<\/strong> jsou d\u00edky sv\u00e9 schopnosti \u0159\u00eddit tok proudu a fungovat jako sp\u00edna\u010de nebo zesilova\u010de velmi univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v mnoha oblastech elektroniky.<\/p>\n

Zde je n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f praktick\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed tranzistor\u016f NPN:<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \n
  1. Zesilova\u010de<\/span> – tranzistory NPN se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako zesilova\u010de v audioobvodech. Zesiluj\u00ed slab\u00e9 zvukov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly na \u00farove\u0148, kter\u00e1 je dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e1, aby rozkmitala membr\u00e1ny reproduktor\u016f. <\/li>\n
  2. Sp\u00edna\u010de<\/span> – tranzistory NPN mohou fungovat jako elektronick\u00e9 sp\u00edna\u010de. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v mnoha za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, jako jsou televizory, po\u010d\u00edta\u010de a chytr\u00e9 telefony, k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch funkc\u00ed. <\/li>\n
  3. Regulovan\u00e9 nap\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/span> – tranzistory NPN lze pou\u017e\u00edt v nap\u00e1jec\u00edch syst\u00e9mech k regulaci v\u00fdstupn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed, aby v\u00fdstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed z\u016fstalo stabiln\u00ed, i kdy\u017e se zm\u011bn\u00ed vstupn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed nebo z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e. <\/li>\n
  4. Oscil\u00e1tory<\/span> – v obvodech generuj\u00edc\u00edch vlny, jako jsou oscil\u00e1tory, se k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed generovan\u00e9 frekvence pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tranzistory NPN.<\/li>\n
  5. Mikroprocesory a mikrokontrol\u00e9ry<\/span> – tranzistory NPN jsou spolu s tranzistory PNP z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi prvky mikroprocesor\u016f a mikrokontrol\u00e9r\u016f, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed k prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch logick\u00fdch operac\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  6. Detektory a senzory<\/span> – tranzistory NPN se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v detek\u010dn\u00edch a senzorov\u00fdch obvodech, kde zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly ze senzor\u016f.<\/li>\n
  7. R\u00e1dia a televizory<\/span> – tranzistory NPN jsou kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed obvod\u016f pro p\u0159\u00edjem sign\u00e1lu v r\u00e1di\u00edch a televizorech.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Tranzistory NPN jsou nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro fungov\u00e1n\u00ed mnoha elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed – od t\u011bch nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch a\u017e po ty nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. To potvrzuje, jak d\u016fle\u017eitou roli hraj\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b modern\u00edch technologi\u00ed. Bez jejich p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00ed by tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nemohla vzniknout a fungovat tak, jak je zn\u00e1me. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Tranzistor NPN je polovodi\u010dov\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1stka, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed jako zesilova\u010d sign\u00e1lu nebo sp\u00edna\u010d v elektronick\u00fdch obvodech. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edme, co to je a jak funguje. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":69182,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[548,549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elektronika-cs","category-kompendium-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTranzistor NPN - co to je a jak funguje? - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Zjist\u011bte, co je to tranzistor NPN! Pochopte jeho princip \u010dinnosti a zjist\u011bte, jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v praxi. 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