{"id":94845,"date":"2020-10-24T08:02:34","date_gmt":"2020-10-24T06:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wytrzymalosc-materialow-podstawy-mechaniki\/"},"modified":"2024-11-06T14:57:25","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T13:57:25","slug":"pevnost-materialu-zaklady-mechaniky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/pevnost-materialu-zaklady-mechaniky\/","title":{"rendered":"Pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f &#8211; Z\u00e1klady mechaniky"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010dten\u00ed:<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 7<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"94845\" class=\"elementor elementor-94845 elementor-2805\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e38525a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e38525a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52fc2e76\" data-id=\"52fc2e76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-970b301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"970b301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek, kterou se v\u0161ichni strojn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i denn\u011b zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed, je pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tato oblast znalost\u00ed je mezi studenty strojn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fdm postrachem a \u010dasto je spojena s traumatizuj\u00edc\u00edmi z\u00e1\u017eitky p\u0159i zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch. <\/b><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2540a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb2540a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"247\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/materialy.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54906\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/materialy.jpg 675w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/materialy-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/materialy-640x234.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4c02aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4c02aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p> To v\u0161ak nic nem\u011bn\u00ed na skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee ot\u00e1zky trvanlivosti &#8211; a\u0165 u\u017e jednoduch\u00fdch konstruk\u010dn\u00edch prvk\u016f, nebo cel\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, vozidel \u010di konstrukc\u00ed &#8211; maj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam jak z hlediska bezpe\u010dnosti, tak z hlediska pou\u017eitelnosti. <\/p>\n<p>Ale nebojte se &#8211; v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku v\u00e1s nebudeme stra\u0161it dlouh\u00fdmi vzorci, diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edm po\u010dtem ani tenzory. M\u00edsto slo\u017eit\u00e9ho matematick\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu v\u00e1m nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pojmy p\u0159edstav\u00edme co nejintuitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed snadn\u011bji za\u010d\u00edt hledat pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace na vlastn\u00ed p\u011bst. Krom\u011b toho jsme p\u0159edstavili \u0159adu praktick\u00fdch tip\u016f pro navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch mechanick\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed &#8211; prezentovan\u00e1 t\u00e9mata sice nep\u0159ekvap\u00ed ty, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed v\u00edce zku\u0161enost\u00ed nebo akademick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed, ale ur\u010dit\u011b se budou hodit za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edm konstrukt\u00e9r\u016fm mobiln\u00edch robot\u016f nebo robotick\u00fdch ramen.  <\/p>\n<h2>Nap\u011bt\u00ed &#8211; pojem, bez n\u011bho\u017e by pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f neexistovala.<\/h2>\n<p>S pojmem nap\u011bt\u00ed jste se jist\u011b setkali v\u00edcekr\u00e1t &#8211; jedn\u00e1 se o fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed veli\u010dinu, kter\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 v materi\u00e1lu (nap\u0159. ocelov\u00e9m nosn\u00edku nebo h\u0159\u00eddeli motoru), kdy\u017e na n\u011bj p\u016fsob\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e1 s\u00edla. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee stav\u00edte velk\u00e9ho, t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho mobiln\u00edho robota, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 prozkoum\u00e1vat obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd ter\u00e9n. Dob\u0159e v\u00edte, \u017ee pokud pro hnac\u00ed kola zvol\u00edte p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 tenk\u00e9 osy, m\u016f\u017eete o\u010dek\u00e1vat jejich deformaci nebo dokonce zlomen\u00ed, jakmile konstrukce naraz\u00ed na prvn\u00ed nerovnost na cest\u011b. Intuice v\u00e1m napov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011br hnac\u00ed h\u0159\u00eddele mus\u00ed odpov\u00eddat o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hmotnosti vozidla. To je asi jeden z nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch, ale velmi n\u00e1zorn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, jak lze znalosti o pevnosti materi\u00e1lu vyu\u017e\u00edt v praxi &#8211; na z\u00e1klad\u011b znalosti kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch parametr\u016f m\u016f\u017ee konstrukt\u00e9r vypo\u010d\u00edtat minim\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br, kter\u00fd zaru\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee hotov\u00e1 konstrukce bude spolehliv\u011b fungovat. Jak\u00e9 s\u00edly (a z nich vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed) m\u016f\u017eeme o\u010dek\u00e1vat v sou\u010d\u00e1stech pohonu jednoduch\u00e9ho robota zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00e9ho na obr\u00e1zku n\u00ed\u017ee?     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbea5de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dbea5de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"435\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/szkice-01-50.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-54898\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/szkice-01-50.jpg 750w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/szkice-01-50-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/szkice-01-50-640x371.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ae1695 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ae1695\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V z\u00e1jmu jazykov\u00e9 korektnosti zde budeme rozli\u0161ovat mezi pojmenov\u00e1n\u00edm barevn\u011b ozna\u010den\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed robota. Hnac\u00ed h\u0159\u00eddele (na obr\u00e1zku ozna\u010den\u00e9 \u010derven\u011b) budeme naz\u00fdvat prvky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed to\u010div\u00fd moment motor\u016f na kola &#8211; jak vid\u00edte, v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edkladu se jedn\u00e1 o dv\u011b kola s p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm pohonem, tj. p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdm bez pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159evod\u016f nebo spojek. Zelen\u011b ozna\u010den\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, na nich\u017e jsou upevn\u011bna voln\u00e1 (nepoh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1) kola, budeme ozna\u010dovat jako n\u00e1pravy t\u011bchto kol. Jak jste mo\u017en\u00e1 uhodli, na osy kol p\u016fsob\u00ed s\u00edla v d\u016fsledku gravitace &#8211; jin\u00fdmi slovy, budou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ohybov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. P\u0159i &#8220;skute\u010dn\u00e9&#8221; konstrukci se zohled\u0148uj\u00ed tak\u00e9 tlakov\u00e1 a tahov\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Jak nen\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 uhodnout, na hnac\u00ed h\u0159\u00eddele budou p\u016fsobit tak\u00e9 torzn\u00ed nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, jejich\u017e hodnota je odvozena od to\u010div\u00e9ho momentu (nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed torzn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed se projev\u00ed p\u0159i rozjezdu a brzd\u011bn\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00e9ho robota a tak\u00e9 p\u0159i intenzivn\u00edm zrychlov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem j\u00edzdy).      <\/p>\n<p>Podobn\u00e9 vztahy plat\u00ed i pro jin\u00e9 mechanismy &#8211; nap\u0159\u00edklad pro pohon jednotliv\u00fdch segment\u016f robotick\u00e9 ruky. Nyn\u00ed ji\u017e m\u016f\u017eete identifikovat \u010dty\u0159i nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typy nap\u011bt\u00ed: ohybov\u00e9, torzn\u00ed, tahov\u00e9 a tlakov\u00e9. Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed tak\u00e9 p\u00e1t\u00fd, velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd typ nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00fdm je nap\u011bt\u00ed smykov\u00e9 &#8211; to si m\u016f\u017eete velmi zjednodu\u0161en\u011b p\u0159edstavit nap\u0159\u00edklad u ocelov\u00e9ho plechu nebo kusu lamin\u00e1tu, kter\u00fd prost\u0159ihujete n\u016f\u017ekami na plech. Odtud vlastn\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00e1zev t\u00e9to mechanick\u00e9 veli\u010diny. Na obr\u00e1zku najdete schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech popsan\u00fdch situac\u00ed se sm\u011bry sil p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch na obrobek.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf270bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"cf270bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:3,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;content_hover_animation&quot;:&quot;fade-in&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-02-50.jpg\" 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data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6OTY0MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JvdGxhbmQuY3pcL2Jsb2dcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjBcLzA5XC9zemtpY2UtMDUtNTAuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiY2YyNzBiYiJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-05-50-300x174.jpg\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"174\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-06-50.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"cf270bb\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"szkice-06-50\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6OTY0NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2JvdGxhbmQuY3pcL2Jsb2dcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjBcLzA5XC9zemtpY2UtMDYtNTAuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiY2YyNzBiYiJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-06-50-300x174.jpg\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"174\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acd243b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acd243b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Trocha matematiky<\/h3>\n<p>Pojem stresu jsme ji\u017e definovali n\u00e1zorn\u011b a intuitivn\u011b. Pro dopln\u011bn\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed bychom v\u0161ak m\u011bli uv\u00e9st vzorec popisuj\u00edc\u00ed vztah mezi nap\u011bt\u00edm, silou p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed detail a plochou jeho pr\u016f\u0159ezu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee zde hovo\u0159\u00edme o jednoduch\u00e9 situaci, kdy s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00ed kolmo k rovin\u011b uva\u017eovan\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u0159ezu.  <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2807\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/naprezenie.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"109\" height=\"53\"><\/p>\n<p>kde <i>p<\/i> &#8211; nap\u011bt\u00ed, <i>F<\/i> &#8211; s\u00edla, <i>A<\/i> &#8211; plocha pr\u016f\u0159ezu.<\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b stla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a tahu kovov\u00e9 n\u00e1pravy nebo hnac\u00edho h\u0159\u00eddele z je vektor s\u00edly F kolm\u00fd na plochu pr\u016f\u0159ezu A. P\u016fsob\u00ed-li s\u00edla pod jin\u00fdm \u00fahlem, zm\u011bn\u00ed se pak nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky &#8211; trigonometricky vzta\u017een\u00e9 podle vektorov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu. <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jste si ji\u017e v\u0161imli, \u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00ed jednotkou nap\u011bt\u00ed je pascal (Pa). Po\u010dkat&#8230; ale nen\u00ed to jednotka tlaku kapaliny nebo plynu? Tato konotace je naprosto spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 &#8211; proto\u017ee   <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">z fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho hlediska je tlak a nap\u011bt\u00ed stejn\u00e1 veli\u010dina.<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">.<br \/>\nJe\u017celi wydaje Ci si\u0119 to nieco dziwne lub nieintuicyjne, wyobra\u017a sobie przez chwil\u0119 obudow\u0119 podwodnego robota lub batyskafu, kt\u00f3rego zadaniem jest eksplorowanie oceanicznych g\u0142\u0119bin.<br \/>\nJe\u017celi obudowa b\u0119dzie zbyt cienka lub s\u0142abo wzmocniona konstrukcyjnie, po przekroczeniu pewnego ci\u015bnienia krytycznego mo\u017ce si\u0119 rozszczelni\u0107, a nawet p\u0119kn\u0105\u0107.<br \/>\nCi\u015bnienie hydrostatyczne wody, dzia\u0142aj\u0105ce na powierzchni\u0119 naszego podwodnego \u015bmia\u0142ka, powoduje powstawanie napr\u0119\u017ce\u0144, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 zniszczy\u0107 konstrukcj\u0119 p\u0142aszcza.<br \/>\nTutaj widzisz ju\u017c jak na d\u0142oni, \u017ce napr\u0119\u017cenie i ci\u015bnienie s\u0105 ze sob\u0105 \u015bci\u015ble, matematycznie i fizycznie zwi\u0105zane, inaczej m\u00f3wi\u0105c \u2013 napr\u0119\u017cenie jest swego rodzaju \u201eci\u015bnieniem wyst\u0119puj\u0105cym wewn\u0105trz materia\u0142u\u201d.    <\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Statick\u00e1 zkou\u0161ka natahov\u00e1n\u00edm, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh mu\u010den\u00ed (pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek)<\/h3>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 se pt\u00e1te, jak se stavitel\u00e9 most\u016f p\u0159esn\u011b orientuj\u00ed v des\u00edtk\u00e1ch druh\u016f oceli, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zvolit, aby zajistili dlouholet\u00fd bezpe\u010dn\u00fd provoz konstrukce? Podobn\u00e9mu dilematu \u010del\u00ed i konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch stroj\u016f, vozidel a tak\u00e9&#8230; roboti. V\u00fdb\u011br spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry d\u00e1n jeho pevnost\u00ed. K ur\u010den\u00ed jeho pevnosti se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed postupy zkou\u0161en\u00ed materi\u00e1lu a drah\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u00e9 stroje. Jednou ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch zkou\u0161ek, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji nebo \u00faprav\u011b kovov\u00e9 slitiny a tak\u00e9 p\u0159i zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch kontroly kvality, je statick\u00e1 tahov\u00e1 zkou\u0161ka. Spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee se vhodn\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00fd vzorek (nap\u0159. deska nebo h\u0159\u00eddel) upne do \u00fachyt\u016f stroje a natahuje se, dokud se nep\u0159etrhne. B\u011bhem zkou\u0161ky se pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b m\u011b\u0159\u00ed posun pohybliv\u00e9ho \u00fachytu a s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na vzorek v jeho dlouh\u00e9 ose.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e67eb61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e67eb61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"435\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-07-50.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54904\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-07-50.jpg 750w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-07-50-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-07-50-640x371.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e7180a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75e7180a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Na konci zkou\u0161ky se nakresl\u00ed graf, kter\u00fd zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje chov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu a naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se k\u0159ivka nap\u011bt\u00ed. Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u00fasek k\u0159ivky, kter\u00fd prob\u00edh\u00e1 (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b) line\u00e1rn\u011b a kon\u010d\u00ed v bod\u011b zvan\u00e9m mez \u00fam\u011brnosti, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 rozsah platnosti Hookova z\u00e1kona. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v tomto rozsahu nap\u011bt\u00ed je n\u00e1r\u016fst s\u00edly pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k prota\u017een\u00ed vzorku o danou d\u00e9lku p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd prodlou\u017een\u00ed:  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2808\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/wydluzenie.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"79\" height=\"48\" data-wp-editing=\"1\"><\/p>\n<p>Kde: \u0394l &#8211; prodlou\u017een\u00ed vzorku, P &#8211; s\u00edla, l &#8211; po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed d\u00e9lka vzorku (p\u0159ed prota\u017een\u00edm), A &#8211; plocha pr\u016f\u0159ezu vzorku, E &#8211; Young\u016fv modul.<\/p>\n<p>Jak vid\u00edte, prodlou\u017een\u00ed je t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed je cel\u00fd vzorek a \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed s\u00edla na n\u011bj p\u016fsob\u00ed. Na zmen\u0161en\u00ed prodlou\u017een\u00ed m\u00e1 zase vliv plocha pr\u016f\u0159ezu (tlust\u00fd kus materi\u00e1lu se natahuje obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji ne\u017e jeho tenk\u00fd pruh) a Young\u016fv modul, kter\u00fd je jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pevnostn\u00edch parametr\u016f a n\u011bkdy se ozna\u010duje jako modul pru\u017enosti. Zat\u00edmco d\u00e9lka a plocha pr\u016f\u0159ezu jsou d\u00e1ny geometri\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho vzorku, hodnota modulu pru\u017enosti z\u00e1vis\u00ed pouze na zkou\u0161en\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu.  <\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed turbulentn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st diagramu k\u0159ivky nap\u011bt\u00ed je spojena s dosa\u017een\u00edm tzv. bodu kluzu. Turbulentn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh k\u0159ivky nap\u011bt\u00ed je spojen s dosa\u017een\u00edm tzv. bodu kluzu &#8211; za t\u00edmto bodem doch\u00e1z\u00ed k trval\u00e9 deformaci vzorku v tahu, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i kdy\u017e se zkou\u0161ka v tomto bod\u011b zastav\u00ed a s\u00edla se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na nulu, materi\u00e1l ji\u017e nen\u00ed schopen vr\u00e1tit se do p\u016fvodn\u00edho tvaru (a d\u00e9lky). Dal\u0161\u00ed natahov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek vznik z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed (tzv. kr\u010dku), kter\u00e9 se v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f (pokud byla zkou\u0161ka provedena podle tohoto um\u011bn\u00ed) objevuje uprost\u0159ed vzorku (v polovin\u011b vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi \u00fachyty stroje). Proto\u017ee plocha pr\u016f\u0159ezu v m\u00edst\u011b hrdla je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u016fvodn\u00ed plocha pr\u016f\u0159ezu vzorku, materi\u00e1l v tomto m\u00edst\u011b rychle sl\u00e1bne, co\u017e vede k n\u00e1hl\u00e9mu roztr\u017een\u00ed vzorku p\u0159i jeho dal\u0161\u00edm natahov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 &#8211; v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b velk\u00fdch vzork\u016f (a stroj\u016f) &#8211; m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek hlasitou r\u00e1nu podobnou v\u00fdst\u0159elu. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota s\u00edly zaznamenan\u00e1 p\u0159i nata\u017een\u00ed vzorku se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 mez pevnosti v tahu.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d35550 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d35550\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"435\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-08-50.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54905\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-08-50.jpg 750w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-08-50-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/szkice-08-50-640x371.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d1208c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7d1208c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ef3a93c\" data-id=\"ef3a93c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-300e834 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"300e834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Praktick\u00e9 rady t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pevnosti materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/h2>\n<p>V t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti \u010dl\u00e1nku jsme pro v\u00e1s p\u0159ipravili n\u011bkolik praktick\u00fdch rad a univerz\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1sad, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu jak\u00e9hokoli mechanick\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Nezapome\u0148te, \u017ee &#8211; a\u010dkoli \u00falohu matematick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch simulac\u00ed mechanick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f nelze p\u0159ece\u0148ovat &#8211; st\u00e1le je jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch prvk\u016f pr\u00e1ce konstrukt\u00e9ra jeho zku\u0161enost a in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fd cit, kter\u00fd \u010dasto dok\u00e1\u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 probl\u00e9my p\u0159edv\u00eddat s dostate\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159edstihem a v\u010das jim p\u0159edch\u00e1zet. <\/p>\n<h3>1) Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rezerva<\/h3>\n<p>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd konstruk\u010dn\u00ed prvek by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt vystaven (ani v nejn\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch) mechanick\u00e9mu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edmu se maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm hodnot\u00e1m. Je t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit nejhor\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 (<em>worst-case<\/em>) podm\u00ednky a p\u0159ijmout pomyslnou bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rezervu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu obvodu nap\u00e1jen\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00edm 6 V byste k filtraci nap\u00e1jec\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed nepou\u017eili elektrolytick\u00e9 kondenz\u00e1tory s maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00edm 6,3 V, ale sou\u010d\u00e1stky s nap\u011bt\u00edm alespo\u0148 10 V. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost vy\u017eaduj\u00ed parametry, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost u\u017eivatele a\/nebo za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed &#8211; pat\u0159\u00ed sem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed. odolnost izolace vodi\u010d\u016f proti pr\u016frazu vysok\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm.    <\/p>\n<h3>2) Nejslab\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00e1v\u00e1 karty<\/h3>\n<p>Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 konstruk\u010dn\u00ed praxe p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee pevnost celku je d\u00e1na pevnost\u00ed jeho nejslab\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti. P\u0159\u00edkladem ze sv\u011bta mechaniky, kter\u00fd tento princip dob\u0159e ilustruje, je zabezpe\u010den\u00ed IT syst\u00e9mu banky. K \u010demu je pracovn\u00edk\u016fm banky, \u017ee transakce prob\u00edhaj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed solidn\u011b za\u0161ifrovan\u00e9ho a spolehliv\u011b autorizovan\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu dat a \u017ee m\u00edstnost s m\u00edstn\u00edm serverem je 24 hodin denn\u011b st\u0159e\u017eena \u0159adou kamer a ochrankou, kdy\u017e si zapomn\u011btliv\u00fd pokladn\u00edk zap\u00ed\u0161e heslo do syst\u00e9mu na m\u00edsto viditeln\u00e9 pro z\u00e1kazn\u00edka? Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro mechanick\u00e9 konstrukce: robustn\u00ed r\u00e1m ter\u00e9nn\u00edho speci\u00e1ln\u00edho robota, sva\u0159en\u00fd ze siln\u00fdch ocelov\u00fdch profil\u016f, je m\u00e1lo platn\u00fd, pokud je motor upevn\u011bn nekvalitn\u00edmi, nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kalen\u00fdmi \u0161rouby M4. Z\u00e1\u0159n\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem (tentokr\u00e1t v oblasti elektroniky) m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt baterie velk\u00e9ho dronu, p\u0159ipojen\u00e1 k letov\u00e9mu ovlada\u010di tlust\u00fdmi kabely zakon\u010den\u00fdmi mal\u00fdm konektorem s kapacitou jen n\u011bkolika amp\u00e9r. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu jak\u00e9koli konstrukce se proto sna\u017ete co nejpe\u010dliv\u011bji analyzovat r\u016fzn\u00e1 mo\u017en\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a nebezpe\u010d\u00ed &#8211; od zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s hmotnost\u00ed komponent, p\u0159es vibrace, kter\u00fdm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m vystaven, a\u017e po teplotn\u00ed rozsah, ve kter\u00e9m bude hotov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracovat.     <\/p>\n<h3>3) Tvrd\u00fd znamen\u00e1 k\u0159ehk\u00fd<\/h3>\n<p>Ot\u00e1zka tvrdosti materi\u00e1l\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro stavbu mechanick\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed je t\u00e9ma, kde in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e1 intuice n\u011bkdy selh\u00e1v\u00e1. Na prvn\u00ed pohled by se mohlo zd\u00e1t, \u017ee pokud chceme nap\u0159\u00edklad kostru robota s velmi vysokou mechanickou pevnost\u00ed, m\u011bli bychom s\u00e1hnout po materi\u00e1lu, jako je slitina kov\u016f, kter\u00e1 vykazuje velmi vysokou tvrdost. Nic nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011b &#8211; proto\u017ee se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee tento typ \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je tak\u00e9 k\u0159ehk\u00fd, a tud\u00ed\u017e n\u00e1chyln\u00fd k prask\u00e1n\u00ed. Je proto mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed zvolit o n\u011bco m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd se se zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 mnohem l\u00e9pe. N\u00e1chylnost mechanick\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed k prask\u00e1n\u00ed lze sn\u00ed\u017eit je\u0161t\u011b jedn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, o kter\u00e9m pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1me n\u00ed\u017ee &#8211; v tipu \u010d\u00edslo 4.    <\/p>\n<h3>4) V\u00fdhody \u017eebrov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee architekti navrhuj\u00edc\u00ed gotick\u00e9 kostely s vysok\u00fdmi klenbami pou\u017eili konstrukci s charakteristick\u00fdm \u017eebrov\u00e1n\u00edm. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed na takov\u00e9 konstrukci je mnohem p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e na hladk\u00e9m, jednolit\u00e9m povrchu. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed \u017eebra do sv\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby: bu\u010f \u017eebra um\u00edst\u00ed tak, aby splynula s hladk\u00fdm povrchem (s t\u00edmto typem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se \u010dasto setk\u00e1te nap\u0159\u00edklad na vnit\u0159n\u00ed stran\u011b plastov\u00fdch kryt\u016f a r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f kov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v model\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed). Druhou mo\u017enost\u00ed je vytvo\u0159it v dan\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti otvory, tak\u017ee voln\u00e9 prostory mezi nimi tvo\u0159\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b \u017eebra. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je to t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159edstaviteln\u00e9, ale takov\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e1 konstrukce je m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 k prask\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e pln\u00e1 deska.    <\/p>\n<h3>5) Pozor na \u00fahly<\/h3>\n<p>Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1te na jak\u00fdkoli n\u00e1vrh nap\u0159\u00edklad plastov\u00e9ho v\u00fdlisku, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b si v\u0161imnete (zejm\u00e9na v m\u00edstech, jako jsou ramena, otvory atd.), \u017ee konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i tam nevkl\u00e1daj\u00ed ostr\u00e9 hrany. Tento postup nen\u00ed diktov\u00e1n estetick\u00fdmi hledisky, ale mechanickou pevnost\u00ed. Z\u00e1\u0159ezy jsou n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k prask\u00e1n\u00ed. Mnohem lep\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1padem je pou\u017e\u00edt m\u00edsto ostr\u00fdch hran zkosen\u00e9 nebo zaoblen\u00e9 rohy &#8211; t\u00edm se vyhnete situaci, kdy dan\u00fd konstruk\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l za\u010dne praskat pr\u00e1v\u011b v rohu konstrukce.   <\/p>\n<h2>Shrnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Znalost pevnosti materi\u00e1l\u016f pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed nejen konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i stroj\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 elektronici, pokud pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed stavbu vlastn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. D\u00edky princip\u016fm uveden\u00fdm v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku budete schopni zajistit, \u017ee v\u00e1mi vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 konstrukce budou m\u00edt o\u010dek\u00e1vanou odolnost proti mechanick\u00e9mu po\u0161kozen\u00ed a poruch\u00e1m souvisej\u00edc\u00edm s \u00fanavou. Budete ji\u017e tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1t nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druhy zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (tah, tlak, krut, ohyb, smyk) a definici nap\u011bt\u00ed. Pokud se chcete st\u00e1t profesion\u00e1ln\u00edm konstrukt\u00e9rem, jist\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 vzorce v budoucnu nejednou vyu\u017eijete a p\u0159i slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch simulac\u00edch v\u00e1m budou oporou modern\u00ed programy pro kone\u010dnou anal\u00fdzu (metoda kone\u010dn\u00fdch prvk\u016f). Tyto typy prost\u0159ed\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed rozd\u011blit celou konstrukci na men\u0161\u00ed prvky a vypo\u010d\u00edtat s\u00edly p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto prvk\u016f. Vypo\u010dten\u00e9 s\u00edly se pak barevn\u011b vizualizuj\u00ed na 3D modelu (p\u0159edem p\u0159ipraven\u00e9m v CAD).     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bb3d737 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bb3d737\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51cde3a\" data-id=\"51cde3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-208c263 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"208c263\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"k-faq-accord\">\n<h2>Pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f &#8211; FAQ<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"tabs\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck1\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck1\">Jak\u00e9 jsou druhy nap\u011bt\u00ed a deformace?<label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Nap\u011bt\u00ed d\u011bl\u00edme na tahov\u00e9 (kdy\u017e je prvek v tahu) a tlakov\u00e9 (kdy\u017e na prvek p\u016fsob\u00ed tlakov\u00e1 s\u00edla). Krom\u011b toho rozli\u0161ujeme nap\u011bt\u00ed ve smyku, kter\u00e9 vznik\u00e1, kdy\u017e na prvek p\u016fsob\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s\u00edla ve snaze posunout vybran\u00fd prvek vzhledem k jin\u00e9mu. Deformace se zase d\u011bl\u00ed na trval\u00e9 (plastick\u00e9) a pru\u017en\u00e9.  \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck2\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck2\">Co je to nap\u011bt\u00ed a vyjmenujte jeho druhy<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Nap\u011bt\u00ed je fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed veli\u010dina, kter\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 v dan\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu (nap\u0159. v m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 trubce) v d\u016fsledku p\u016fsoben\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch sil. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, v d\u016fsledku vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sil p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch na danou sou\u010d\u00e1st v n\u00ed vznikaj\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed s\u00edly. Jednotkou nap\u011bt\u00ed je kg\/cm\u00b2. Rozli\u0161ujeme pevnosti v tahu, tlaku a smyku. V\u00edce informac\u00ed o pevnosti materi\u00e1l\u016f naleznete v tomto <a href=\"https:\/\/botland.cz\/blog\/?p=94845\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a>.    \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck3\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck3\">Co je statick\u00e9 a norm\u00e1lov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed?<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Statick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 smykov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e statick\u00e1 slo\u017eka celkov\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Naproti tomu norm\u00e1lov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tzv. norm\u00e1lov\u00e9ho celkov\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"tab\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><input id=\"chck4\" type=\"checkbox\">\n<h3><label class=\"tab-label\" itemprop=\"name\" for=\"chck4\">Jak\u00e9 typy pevnosti materi\u00e1lu zn\u00e1te?<\/label><\/h3>\n<div class=\"tab-content\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n\n<div itemprop=\"text\">Pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f zahrnuje jak nap\u011bt\u00ed, tak deformaci. Rozli\u0161ujeme n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed typy pevnosti materi\u00e1lu: v ohybu, v krutu, v tahu, v tlaku. \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f je discipl\u00edna, kterou pot\u0159ebuje prakticky ka\u017ed\u00fd konstrukt\u00e9r za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed &#8211; v\u010detn\u011b konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f elektroniky. Zjist\u011bte v\u0161e o zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edch a nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed a objevte z\u00e1sady spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 konstrukce. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":60257,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[549],"tags":[651,689,594],"class_list":["post-94845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kompendium-cs","tag-fyzika-cs","tag-mechanika-cs","tag-porady-cs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f - Z\u00e1klady mechaniky - Botland<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pevnost materi\u00e1l\u016f je discipl\u00edna, kterou pot\u0159ebuje prakticky ka\u017ed\u00fd konstrukt\u00e9r za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed - v\u010detn\u011b konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f elektroniky. 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